Private armies have been around in Germany for a lot longer than this. In 1809, when war broke out again between Austria and France, Britain invaded the Netherlands in support, and an independent anti-French force of Germans under the Duke of Brunswick fought its way up the Rhine to join it. They were evacuated, transferred to Spain, fought with distinction in the Peninsular War and again at Waterloo in which campaign the Duke was killed.
These guys were essentially a private army, because although nominally “Brunswickers”, their parent state had been swallowed into Napoleon’s short-lived Rheinbund. Initially at least they were funded by the Duke.
There was also a Russo-German Legion that fought against France in the Russian army until 1814 and was absorbed into Prussia’s in 1815. This force was raised from anti-French Prussians and from German-speaking prisoners captured by Russia. It was analogous to the Free French of WW2.
The idea of private armies now seems rather weird, but of course the East India Company had one and it, along with some British regulars and local sepoys, was the mainstay of the forces commanded by Clive against the French in India in the 1750s and by the future Duke of Wellington against the local mahrattas 50 years later. It was your actual pukka full-on private army organised like the British but paid better and owing loyalty to the board of directors in effect.
The Government of India on independence also inherited the Opium Department which still exists and grants 50,000 licenses a year to farmers to grow opium for medical use. It was the 2nd Grade rejected opium grown under government licenses which was used to open the door to trade with China. I wonder where the 2nd grade stuff ends up now.
All very true. But history shows that – further back – mercenary armies were a feature of the Italian wars at the time of the Renaissance, for example.
Rod McLaughlin
2 years ago
It was German mercenaries who lost to Washington in the Christmas 1776 Trenton Raid. If it wasn’t for them, we might own the whole of North America.
…indeed so. Noted at the time for loyalty, and very high levels of military efficency, but feared for the same reason…as well as their alleged ruthlessness in pursuit of their objectives. But not strictly mercenaries in the classic sense…more “auxiliaries” as they were contracted on a state-to-state basis by the British Government…whose Head of State was Elector of Hanover as well as King of England. Mostly from Hesse-Kessel, whose Landgrave used the income to cut taxes, undertake public works and support public education.
Often forgotten that the Hanoverian Kings remained the Electors of Hanover until 1837, on the death of William IV…because Queen Victoria was barred from the succession in Hanover under the Salic Law…long ago abandoned in England, where Queens had both reigned and ruled in their own right for centuries…
Private armies have been around in Germany for a lot longer than this. In 1809, when war broke out again between Austria and France, Britain invaded the Netherlands in support, and an independent anti-French force of Germans under the Duke of Brunswick fought its way up the Rhine to join it. They were evacuated, transferred to Spain, fought with distinction in the Peninsular War and again at Waterloo in which campaign the Duke was killed.
These guys were essentially a private army, because although nominally “Brunswickers”, their parent state had been swallowed into Napoleon’s short-lived Rheinbund. Initially at least they were funded by the Duke.
There was also a Russo-German Legion that fought against France in the Russian army until 1814 and was absorbed into Prussia’s in 1815. This force was raised from anti-French Prussians and from German-speaking prisoners captured by Russia. It was analogous to the Free French of WW2.
The idea of private armies now seems rather weird, but of course the East India Company had one and it, along with some British regulars and local sepoys, was the mainstay of the forces commanded by Clive against the French in India in the 1750s and by the future Duke of Wellington against the local mahrattas 50 years later. It was your actual pukka full-on private army organised like the British but paid better and owing loyalty to the board of directors in effect.
Indeed. The British East India Company army later became the Indian Army of the Raj, which in turn became the modern Indian Army.
The Government of India on independence also inherited the Opium Department which still exists and grants 50,000 licenses a year to farmers to grow opium for medical use. It was the 2nd Grade rejected opium grown under government licenses which was used to open the door to trade with China. I wonder where the 2nd grade stuff ends up now.
Make an educated guess.
All very true. But history shows that – further back – mercenary armies were a feature of the Italian wars at the time of the Renaissance, for example.
It was German mercenaries who lost to Washington in the Christmas 1776 Trenton Raid. If it wasn’t for them, we might own the whole of North America.
Did’nt the activities of the German Mercenaries alienate many colonials which helped to create the conflict ?
I think so, yes.
Hessians.
Dictators.
…indeed so. Noted at the time for loyalty, and very high levels of military efficency, but feared for the same reason…as well as their alleged ruthlessness in pursuit of their objectives. But not strictly mercenaries in the classic sense…more “auxiliaries” as they were contracted on a state-to-state basis by the British Government…whose Head of State was Elector of Hanover as well as King of England. Mostly from Hesse-Kessel, whose Landgrave used the income to cut taxes, undertake public works and support public education.
Often forgotten that the Hanoverian Kings remained the Electors of Hanover until 1837, on the death of William IV…because Queen Victoria was barred from the succession in Hanover under the Salic Law…long ago abandoned in England, where Queens had both reigned and ruled in their own right for centuries…