More bad news for Ukraine: Russia is far outpacing its most powerful European ally, Germany, in weapons production, according to a new report from the Kiel Institute.

Germany took more than a year to significantly increase its production following the invasion of Ukraine in 2022. For some weapons systems, it would take Germany 100 years to return to 2004 levels, researchers found. Meanwhile, Russian arms manufacturing is outpacing its losses. “Europe must confront the reality that a long-lasting war of attrition is again on European soil,” the report warned, adding that the US will likely be absorbed in other conflicts before the war can be won. As ever, much hinges on November’s election.