The United States is the land of conspiracy theories, not least when itās busy electing a president. Such theories are a secular version of the idea of a malevolent God, for which the world is a sinister place but at least makes sense. In fact, for conspiracy buffs it makes far too much sense, as every bit of reality is covertly connected to every other bit. Are the Vatican and my pancreas really the separate entities they seem, or are they not part of the same secret plot? Maybe itās better to believe that we are ruled by a vindictive deity rather than by nothing at all. Itās comforting to know that everything that happens, including the bad stuff, is somehow meant, since the mind revolts against the random and accidental.
Itās hard to accept, for example, that those who perished in the Holocaust did so in vain. It seems discourteous to the dead to suggest that their death had no point. But part of the horror of the event is that there was indeed no point to it, not even from the Nazisā own viewpoint. You donāt need to massacre six million people in order to create a bugbear or scapegoat. Some of those who were killed had skills which the Nazis could have used in the war effort, just as they could have used the men and machinery tied up in running the concentration camps. What purpose the whole project served was metaphysical rather than practical. Annihilating Jews was an attempt to abolish the frightful form of non-being they stood for, which threatened the very foundations of the Third Reich. Even that, however, was as counterproductive as murdering Polish metal workers, since the Nazis were entranced by a dream of purity, and nothing could be purer than nothing.
Conspiracy theories are out to purge human life of chance and coincidence. They restore a sense of purpose to a civilisation which seems without design or direction. The claim that paedophilic Jewish reptiles from a distant galaxy are running the banking system may take some believing, but so does the claim that the large number of young black men killed or injured in police cells is purely coincidental. And there are, of course, plenty of real conspiracies. Not all of them are the product of collective paranoia. Some paranoiacs really are persecuted, just as some hypochondriacs genuinely are ill. Jean-Jacques Rousseau had the misfortune to be both. The dictionary defines a conspiracy as a secret plan to do something harmful or unlawful, in which case such groups are about as common as kindergartens. Why are they so widespread? Partly because itās consoling to detect human agency behind a world of anonymous forces, and partly because itās pleasant to find fellowship with other conspiracy buffs in a world short on solidarity. Itās just that the latter aim might be better served by joining a Pilates class.
A lot of American conspiracy theories spring from the sheer vastness of the country. To impose some political coherence on this far-flung terrain is one reason why the word āAmericaā is used in the States far more often than the word āPortugalā is used in Portugal. āSwedishā or āHungarianā are purely descriptive terms, but āAmericanā is a positive value-judgement as well as a national label. āA very fine Americanā means an outstanding example of a valuable species. One doesnāt imagine that the Albanians spend much time asking God to bless their country, as Americans do, or that Belgians see themselves as specially favoured by the Almighty. Itās true that a Peruvian army officer once exhorted his men to āalways remember that you are Peruviansā, but this is mildly comic because nobody has much idea of what being a Peruvian means, probably not even the Peruvians. It would be like being urged to be an authentic inhabitant of Maida Vale. There are hordes of people in Ireland who see the nation as blessed and its soil as sacred, but they are known as Irish-American tourists. America, however, has to keep on talking about America in order to forge some unity out of its plurality. It has even adopted that phrase as its national slogan. In many ways, this drive for unity has been stunningly successful, as the tone in which a waitress in South Bend, Indiana says āHave a good dayā is an exact replica of the tone youāll hear in Roscoe, South Dakota. There are those, however, who fear that this cultural uniformity is not exactly what the Founding Fathers meant by freedom.
Because the nation is so immense, Americans are particularly sensitive about their space being āinvadedā. They can occasionally be heard to murmur āexcuse meā if they come within six feet of you, which is not true of the residents of Beijing. Large tracts of space help to breed individualism, and Americans are adept at keeping their spiritual as well as physical distance. Even some of the poorest dwellings in the country stand proudly in their own meagre patch of land, unlike the tightly stacked terraced houses of post-industrial Britain. All this is the opposite of the carnivalesque, a condition in which bodies are merged and mingled to the point at which itās hard to know where one ends and another begins. The stereotypical American body, by contrast, is squeezed tightly into its own space, sealed against disease and conscious of its precise boundaries. Itās surprising it isnāt wrapped in cellophane. Carnivalesque bodies, being devotees of Dionysus, are often drunk, a state in which their boundaries become messy and inexact, but Donald Trump is a teetotaller. Thereās a relation between the fact that he uses othersā bodies purely as instruments of his own power and desire and the fact that he is a germophobe. Mexicans can be repelled by walls and barbed wire, but germs are invaders of the body politic too tiny to be rounded up and deported. As wholly invisible immigrants they represent a Right-wing nightmare.
Conspiracy theories draw on the anxiety that things which should be distinct are actually commingled, and by no means for the good. This distinctness should be true of the nation itself, which is only diminished by being locked into trade agreements or international treatises. Yet we now live in a world in which, as the narrator of Orhan Pamukās The White Castle remarks, seeing everything as connected with everything else is the addiction of our time. The modern philosopher whose vision reflects this most starkly is Hegel, which is why Freud once remarked that philosophy is the nearest thing there is to paranoia. There are no free-wheeling cogs in the machine of global capitalism. Nothing is allowed to exist purely for its own sake, which used to be the privilege of the work of art.
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Subscribeit isnāt the virus that the less enlightened sections of society regard as deadly, invisible, infectious and omnipotent, but the state which tries to protect them against it.
Sometimes there actually is a conspiracy. Just because some theories are outlandish doesnāt mean there is no conspiracy and government covid actions were a conspiracy. The demonising of conspiracy, itās craziness, is a way of shutting down the people and weāve seen it in action.
You may not believe in conspiracies, but conspiracies believe in you.
“These forces are toxic, contagious, all-pervasive, without any identifiable source and well-nigh impossible to overcome.”
The identifiable source is billionaires who intend to own and control all the resources on the planet and are now very close to achieving their goals. The plans are well laid out and documented, and they can be found on the UN, WHO, and WEF websites. They are not hidden or concealed. If people only spent a few hours reading these websites and the documents on them, they would find clear explanations of everything happening around them. They will also note that they have never been offered a vote on any of this.
In the 1960s American students enthusiastically embraced Tolkien. But not for his Catholicism. Whether Tolkienās literary creation was experienced by these young people as a frisson of what it was to be United States American haunted by their Anglo colonial roots, if anyone needed a consoling fantasy enshrined in their heart, the Shire wouldnāt be a bad one at all.
The Shire isnāt a militaristic power. It has no empire and doesnāt seek one. It is overlooked by the rest of the world and therefore cannot have a migration crisis of tens of thousands of refugees from war-torn Rohan. It has no pretentions to be a āGlobal Shireā. And last but not least, the Shire has no āspecial relationshipā with the witch realm of Angmar.
However, there are some differences between the Shire folk and the English. The Shire people are not seafarers. They have had no industrial revolution. Even if the Shire had a coastline, without having an industrial revolution as well, they could never have the English seaside holiday. That would be a considerable loss.
One enviable feature of the Shire is its history. No event in it is such that it can disturb the mind and lead to history becoming pathological. There are no statues of long-forgotten notables from the 17th century of the Third Age of the Sun that need dumping in the Bandywine River. There are no peoples of Far Harad demanding recompense for the ill-use of their ancestors and no Mayor of Hobbiton who would be docile and enervated enough to find ācreativeā ways of indulging them if there were.
There are no Shire historians looking at the past and trying to mine a grievance from the fact that a long-forgotten king of men granted to their ancestors as a place of settlement an unwanted province devasted by war rather than one better furnished.
Whether England should be like it or not, the Shire is the subject of the benignant interest and guardianship of one of the eternal entities who form the overarching supernatural structure to what is – despite the creation of all in the thought of the One using the Flame Imperishable – an otherwise godless universe.
As elsewhere in the world, and unlike England, the Shire has no places of worship. Though close to the soil, the Shire folk are not even animist, as are the Elves. So untroubled are they by religion, nothing reaches the Shire people of any of the greatest spirits; not even of Manwƫ who is the breath of all people.
But congratulations to Mr Eagleton for describing a non-conspiratorial world as if it were a conspiracy. Does wearing the world like a hair shirt calm the soul?
Visit the Rockefeller Centre in New York during the week before Christmas and you couldn’t find people more ‘stacked together’ than those around the Christmas tree.
I always enjoy reading lengthy articles about the US written by people who’ve barely spent any time there. They are invariably informed more by the peculiar snobbery of the provincial British intellectual than by any genuine knowledge or understanding.
“Conspiracy Theory” = Smear thrown at ‘outsiders’ to undermine public scrutiny.
No need to read further than the opening words, really.
The article talks of the human unwillingness to accept the randomness of life; of humans’ belief in external, especially divine, influence on events; of the presence of malign forces; of fear of contamination from the other.
All interesting topics, worthy of thoughtful analysis and understanding.
And you will find those hopes and fears in all cultures, all over the world, forever.
But it’s the United States, see. The United States. The United States. They’re demons, I tells ya.
I think I got up to the bit about young black men being injured in police cells before I gave up. A tough old read if you are intolerant to utter tosh.
What a long winded, smug way of stating US citizens who don’t agree with you are some lunatic fringe, Mr, Eagleton maybe you cannot here the difference between an upper Midwest accent and an Upper Plains accent doesn’t mean it’s not there. And more striking try the Appalachian accent vs the NYC accent.
I would imagine that people in government think in terms of āusā and āthemā. Only we understand the truth but we have to explain it to them, the plebs. So, in a way, a conspiracy is necessary to sell an idea, as well as to refute the same idea. Almost nothing that you read can be separated from a conspiracy. An author on UnHerd is conspiring with the UnHerd management to make an article which appeals to the members.
The wackier conspiracies are started by people who want to draw attention to themselves, who want to be interesting.
Conspiracy and Narcissists go together. I’m so unique and insightful only I and few like me can see and explain this etc etc. It’s makes me special. Groan.
Many things are complex and not straightforward. They warrant an inquisitive mind that can absorb nuance and intricacy. Conspiracies can thus also appeal to the lazy.
And then of course there are the manipulators. They drip-feed the narcissists and the lazy.
Donāt forget that conspiracies can also be fun. Imagine that you live a life talking to your friends on the phone: everyone knows that politics are boring, boring ā¦ but conspiracies can be exciting. How many conversations start with, āThey say thatā¦.ā?
In a sense though, conspiracy theorists are usually right. What they miss is that the conspirators are not usually acting consciously but out of class interest. The mantra ‘government should be left to the experts (ie: people like me)’ so beloved of the Blairites is a good example. Another is the fondness for open borders of the asset owning class which is so enriched by them and which they explain with appeals to phoney altruism.