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Is Iran sexually repressed? Young people are tired of gender apartheid

Morality police hunt down "loose hijabs". STR/AFP/Getty Images

Morality police hunt down "loose hijabs". STR/AFP/Getty Images


January 24, 2024   6 mins

We tend to associate Iran with repressive morality police hunting down women for wearing loose hijabs. We think of 22-year-old Jina Mahsa Amini, who died in police custody a year ago after being caught wearing an “improper” headscarf — and the young Iranians who risked their lives in protest. What doesn’t spring to mind are gay sex scandals. And yet, that was the story of last summer in Iran.

It all started in July, when a video was leaked of an official in the Ministry of Islamic Guidance having sex with another man. He was sacked soon after. A month later, a second video surfaced of a cleric having sex with the husband of his wife’s sister. Both affairs gripped Iranian society — and both have since come to symbolise the hypocrisy of the regime’s Sharia laws regarding sexual conduct, which even members of its pious elite don’t adhere to. The gap between the illusion of public piety and what really goes on in people’s bedrooms has been mercilessly exposed.

To some extent, sex scandals are nothing new in Iranian society. In 2008, Reza Zarei, the former police chief of “vice crimes”, was caught in a brothel with six prostitutes whom he demanded pray naked in front of him. In 2016, Saeed Toosi, “Khamenei’s favourite Quran reciter”, was charged with sexually abusing his students when they were aged 12 and 13. He was later acquitted — an outcome seen by many as related to his close connections to the Supreme Leader.

In a country where sexual expression is severely punished, the hypocrisy of regime officials has started to burn. “For them, everything is allowed,” says Amir, a gay literature student in Tehran. “It’s only forbidden for us. They are comfortable, but they’re inflicting suffering on us.” Amir has experienced first-hand the hypocrisy of regime officials. Once, he was sexually harassed in public and had his phone stolen. Upon reporting the incident to the police, the officer took his number only to call him later in an attempt to persuade him to spend the night with him. Another time, a cleric chatted him up in the subway by reciting the poems of Saadi.

Despite the vibrant LGBT+ scene in Tehran, growing up gay can be a lonely experience in the Islamic Republic. And for much of his life, Amir has struggled with his mental health. Sex education in Iran doesn’t amount to much beyond a cleric telling students that masturbation is a sin and to stay away from the opposite sex. As a result, Amir only discovered the concept of homosexuality after an unorthodox psychologist took him under his wing. Until then, he had suspected that he was a woman trapped in a man’s body and needed gender-reassignment surgery. Indeed, the Iranian government believes that homosexuality is an illness that can be cured through such medical intervention. It harshly persecutes LGBT Iranians, but permits and subsidises gender reassignment, which pressures many queer Iranians to undergo surgery.

On those dating apps where LGBT people tend to seek each other out, Amir is always on his guard. Iran’s cyber forces are known to conduct undercover activity on the platforms to gather incriminating evidence. “They not only reveal and report the identities of gays, but sometimes they even engage in sexual relations and exploit them first,” he says. “The only means we had to meet each other has been made unsafe too.”

And it isn’t only gay men who suffer. At school, certain boys with “submissive” traits, such as hairlessness and pale skin, are particularly vulnerable to sexual harassment. They are known as chaqal, and to avoid being branded as such, it’s common for boys to start fights and put on a tough front: Khosro, now a 36-year-old émigré living in Europe, stopped wearing shorts and took up smoking. Yet, at the age of 12, he was raped by a stranger in a neighbourhood alley on his way to play video games with a friend. In the years since, Khosro has lived in depression and fear, only realising once he left Iran how “inhumane” and “disgusting” the environment was.

In Khosro’s eyes, what happened to him was a symptom of a sick society that sexually repressed and pathologised its citizens to breaking point. “You have sexual desires that you’re not allowed to express due to the backward culture rooted in religion,” he tells me. “You don’t have the money to get married. Then, who’s available? Someone ‘feminine’ at school, a child in the neighbourhood, or your cousin who is ‘submissive’ — you go after them instead. That’s the root of all of this. Something is denied to you, so you take the first available option to meet your desires.”

He continues: “I blame everything. I blame the culture, the religion, the system which is taking advantage of religion. It’s just sick. It’s like cancer. Nothing is working the way it should.” “Ideology can’t correct the instincts of people. If you tell people every day, ‘You can’t do this’, it’s eventually going to explode in another way.”

For Khosro, the Iranian regime is pursuing a policy of “gender apartheid”, with students separated by gender for most of their education. At the entrance to universities, campus security screens for sexually suggestive behaviour, such as wearing nail polish or excessive make-up. In gender-segregated cafeterias, a chemical called camphor is even slipped into students’ food with the aim of regulating their libidos.

Sarina, a film student in Tehran, tells me how the sex education and generally prohibitive environment in Iran left her frightened of the opposite sex and unable to form healthy romantic relationships. “Gender apartheid has created a pathological and complex-ridden mindset across genders,” she says. “They have stunted our development.” This frustration has led many in her circle to stop dating men altogether — with most exclusively in same-sex relationships. Yet, segregation has also increased Sarina’s curiosity about the opposite sex. She remembers how her school had a large fig tree which spanned the walls separating it from the adjacent boy’s school. In autumn, the pupils would shake the tree and play a game where they would throw figs over the walls to each other.

According to Pardis Mahdavi, who did fieldwork on sexuality in Iran in the 2000s for her book Passionate Uprisings: Iran’s Sexual Revolution, the redlining of sexuality in Iran has only led to people spending “a lot of time thinking about sex and talking about it”. The trouble is misinformation and an over-reliance on peers for advice. Couples only receive robust sex education through a mandatory programme just before marriage, which on average occurs at the age of 26 — but Iranians tend to lose their virginity in their teens. This means there is a decade-long gap in which Iranians receive little-to-no sex education, Mahdavi says, and for a significant number of people, porn is their primary resource.

Some women have taken advantage of the sensitivity around sex by using it as a language of protest. Over the past year, several Iranian women have generated viral controversy by dancing provocatively to religious music, “mourning” during religious holidays by posting photos of themselves in black underwear, and exposing their bras in front of anti-regime slogans.

Of course, sexual repression isn’t just based on the formal laws of Iran’s theocracy: conservative values also dominate a vocal subsection of society. In everyday life, neighbours and older people survey, judge and patrol the behaviour of others without necessarily being tied to the regime — and women are particularly scrutinised. I noticed this myself when I regularly visited Iran in the 2010s. Once, a woman I was seeing asked, as we approached her home, if I would walk around her block a few times on my own, so that any potential onlookers would not see us enter the building together.

This level of social surveillance is what Rira, a bisexual psychology student from a small town in central Iran, calls the “smaller Islamic Republic” — and it condemns her to live a double life. “I do everything that is forbidden, and I want to experience everything,” she says. “I want to follow my own path, to make my own decisions. That’s not something that this culture, this society and this country can give me.” She keeps her sex life secret from her family: in her rural town, sexually liberated women have a reputation as “prostitutes”.

The situation is even worse for women who live alone. Niloufar, a 31-year-old theatre teacher in Tehran, moved out on her own in her early twenties. When she first arrived in her apartment, her neighbours called her mother to tell them that their daughter had run away. Later on, they would report any visitors to her family — especially if they were male. Niloufar tells me that one of her friends in the holy city of Mashhad was arrested after her neighbours told the police that she was socialising alone with a man and drinking alcohol.

Niloufar has paid a high price for her autonomy: she was recently released from prison on bail and will appear in court on trumped-up charges of “indecent hijab”. “They harass me, they arrest me, but when I come out, I will continue my life as before, just so that they don’t get their way,” she says. “They want to put you down and make sure you stay there. But you get up to show them that they can’t silence you.”


Arian Khameneh is an Iranian-Danish journalist and writer based in Copenhagen.


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David McKee
David McKee
10 months ago

It’s relevant to note that Iran is a very young country. 60% of the population is under 30. That’s a lot of young people to police. So they can probably slip under the radar for their sexual experimentation without getting caught.

Once all these young people mature and start running things, what then? Will the mullahs have to retreat with as much grace as they can muster?

Steve Murray
Steve Murray
10 months ago

Tellingly, the Iranian regime prefers young people to undergo gender reassignment surgery rather than embrace their homosexuality. Doesn’t this just point to the authoritarian mindset in Western transactivists who’d rather see young people’s bodies butchered rather than allow them time to develop sufficient maturity to help them determine whether they are, indeed, gay or wish to transition.

The similarity in dogmatism is striking.

Tyler Durden
Tyler Durden
10 months ago
Reply to  Steve Murray

Such people support radical Islamists in their political aims, much like the Marxist-Leninist gangs in the 1970s. They had to hold back somewhat in declaring support for Islamic State, but time has moved on a little and the violence of these gender beliefs is now a good match with the barbarism of groups like Hamas.

Jim Veenbaas
Jim Veenbaas
10 months ago

Excellent essay. Informative and thoughtful.

UnHerd Reader
UnHerd Reader
10 months ago

Sexual liberation doesn’t have such great societal and often personal consequences/outcomes either.

Chris Whybrow
Chris Whybrow
10 months ago
Reply to  UnHerd Reader

Uninhibited sexual promiscuity is definitely something that should be opposed. The Islamic Republic is just bad at it.

Steve Murray
Steve Murray
10 months ago
Reply to  Chris Whybrow

Especially when one considers the top half of its national flag has a barely-concealed symbol of female genitalia.

Roddy Campbell
Roddy Campbell
10 months ago
Reply to  Steve Murray

I suggest you never try a Rorschach test.

Brian Thomas
Brian Thomas
10 months ago
Reply to  Roddy Campbell

Very good!

Charles Stanhope
Charles Stanhope
10 months ago
Reply to  Chris Whybrow

So was the Irish Republic up until about 1995.

Andrew Vanbarner
Andrew Vanbarner
10 months ago

I’m pretty sure things like co-ed swimming, dinner dates, and the consumption of alcohol were allowed, even way back in the 90s.

Charles Stanhope
Charles Stanhope
10 months ago

I was thinking more of ‘Laundries’ the Christian B*ggers, and the Tuam baby extermination scandal to name but a few.

Leejon 0
Leejon 0
10 months ago

I completely agree, for once, which is how it should be. How dull it must be for those who only speak with those who agree with them completely, it must be hellish to only ever sing hosanna’s.

Andrew Fisher
Andrew Fisher
10 months ago
Reply to  Chris Whybrow

It’s ridiculous to suggest that young people will not try if they can to have sexual experiences, and surely some experience is a good thing before settling down to the (supposedly) lifelong relationship of marriage. There is a balance.

I imagine the Islamic Republic is actually pretty good at repression of sexuality on the whole; if the state tries to enforce this this is the way it goes – with a lot of double standards to boot.

Ethniciodo Rodenydo
Ethniciodo Rodenydo
10 months ago
Reply to  UnHerd Reader

Exactly right.
A gap between the illusion of public morality and what really goes on in people’s private lives is no bad thing if the alternative 9which has been our experience) is almost uninhibited sexual promiscuity

Christopher Barclay
Christopher Barclay
10 months ago

It is about money and power. Religion is used to justify holding onto power. That power is then monetised. Dissidence is assaulted by turning human existence into ‘crimes against God’. Power imbalances are then manifested as sexual relationships where one is dominant and the other submissive.

Jonathan Nash
Jonathan Nash
10 months ago

Very interesting. The idea that there is a vibrant gay scene in Teheran is astonishing.

Andrew Vanbarner
Andrew Vanbarner
10 months ago
Reply to  Jonathan Nash

Morocco was once a favorite destination for Allen Ginsburg, William S Burroughs, and Paul Bowles. Bowles there with his boyfriends from the 1950s until his death a few years ago.
Lawrence of Arabia and the guy who wrote “Papillon” both commented on the frequency of same sex relationships in Muslim countries. Soldiers who served in Afghanistan will often mention noticing those tendencies among the natives.
It reminds one a bit of men who are in prison, locked away from female companionship.

Leejon 0
Leejon 0
10 months ago
Reply to  Jonathan Nash

We gays are a resourceful and cunning lot.

UnHerd Reader
UnHerd Reader
10 months ago

No pretty boy is safe in any Muslim country — especially the religiously fanatical countries of Pakistan and Afghanistan. They define homosexuality as sex between bearded men, and abhor it. Sex with a beardless boy is viewed indulgently, as just a harmless respite for men with little or no access to women.

Charles Stanhope
Charles Stanhope
10 months ago
Reply to  UnHerd Reader

Girls for babies, boys for pleasure as the ancient Greeks put it!

William Cameron
William Cameron
10 months ago

Is Islam such a violent religion because it creates sexual repression ?

Charles Stanhope
Charles Stanhope
10 months ago

By comparison with the late, lamented, polytheistic Classical world, both contemporary monotheistic Semitic cults are very neurotic indeed when it come to nudity, sex, gays, etc.

Must be something to do with the sand?

Andrew Vanbarner
Andrew Vanbarner
10 months ago

If the west is still at least nominally Christian, it still can’t be unnoticed that there is no Muslim equivalent of Charlie Sheen.

0 0
0 0
10 months ago

When I was in Iran in the 70s,l and the Shah was still in power, things weren’t very different from what’s described here. Strong separation of genders mainly cultural-social thing, any political reinforcement is extra. And strong gender separation entails mainly covert homosexual interaction, accepted as long as it’s covert and doesn’t impede fulfillment of heterosexual procreation. That’s not unique to Iran either.

Andrew Vanbarner
Andrew Vanbarner
10 months ago
Reply to  0 0

I suspect things were at least somewhat different, though, comparing clothing choices in 70s era photos to what we see today. Reza Pahlavi boasted that the mini skirts in Tehran were shorter than the ones in Paris.
The “Rich Kids of Tehran” sites on Instagram and FB also suggest there are very much two sets of rules, and that the wealthy & powerful can essentially ignore the diktats of the Ayatollahs. Or perhaps sexual rules are simply less important to the financially secure.
Naturally, this wouldn’t be a uniquely Persian sort of hypocrisy, exhibit A being Hunter Biden.

Leejon 0
Leejon 0
10 months ago

‘‘Twas always thus.

Alex Lekas
Alex Lekas
10 months ago

Despite the vibrant LGBT+ scene in Tehran, growing up gay can be a lonely experience in the Islamic Republic.
I’ll be the resident pedant and say that the Gs and Ls are not at all like the Ts, and it doesn’t help to consider the lot of them as gay. Just ask lesbians how they’re treated for not wanting relationships with transwomen who are not women at all. It’s as if ‘lesbian’ if some new term with an unknown meaning.
It is interesting, however, how Iranian leadership would rather see children mutilated than turn up gay. One wonders if the rest of the trans movement doesn’t harbor a similar motivation. It’s already proven itself to be radically anti-woman, so why not add one more group to the mix.

Alison Wren
Alison Wren
10 months ago
Reply to  Alex Lekas

Thanks Alex. I was about to register my objection to the use of the term LGBT these groups are utterly distinct with few characteristics in common. I’d also suggest Iran’s schools are sex segregated not gender segregated this obfuscation of terms is part of the problem!!

Andrew Fisher
Andrew Fisher
10 months ago
Reply to  Alison Wren

I think you are right, but unfortunately the use of LGBT (etc) is now pretty ubiquitous. It’s considered polite.

Coralie Palmer
Coralie Palmer
9 months ago
Reply to  Andrew Fisher

Not by anyone I know it isn’t. LGB describes sexuality. T describes someone who wants to change sex. Conflating them is fake. And is certainly what not is happening in Iran, which persecutes same-sex attracted people and supports trans (in fact gays) to become trans. You cannot disguise that by sweepingly describing them all as having a tough time.The ones having a tough time are Gays.

Harry Phillips
Harry Phillips
10 months ago

“City of Lies” by Ramita Navai is an excellent book on the above.

Brian Thomas
Brian Thomas
10 months ago

As the old Jewish saying goes: “The bigger the front, the bigger the back.”

john d rockemella
john d rockemella
10 months ago

If they are repressed we have clearly gone down the wrong path! No morality, and trying to force irreversible gender changes on children. Disgusting. Children should be protected. All the left want is more sexual freedom, and liberation to follow their perversions.