“Try to imagine,” he suggests, “a culture where no one has ever ‘looked up’ anything.” Even the idea of objectivity, Ong argues, is inseparable from the act of writing things down so they stay unchanged over time.
Boomers David Crane and Marta Kauffman created ten series’ worth of maximal connection plus maximal freedom in Friends. But as they did so, new digital media were turning the “open” values that suffused the show — its open friendships and ambiguous love-affairs, its whimsical open-mindedness, sometimes neurotic open-heartedness — into something new. That transformation has been as profound, and perhaps as irreversible, as the shift Ong described between oral and literate cultures.
Because making the jump from a print-and-TV culture to our networked, interactive, digital one doesn’t just give us more ways of reading the same stuff. It changes if, how and what we read, and even how we think about reality itself.
To illustrate, consider Alan Partridge, another cultural icon of 1990s Britain – and also the subject of a relatively recent nostalgia reboot. Partridge was funny in 1997 because he was stuck in a timewarp. With his brown slacks and leatherette driving gloves, he was a petit-bourgeois Eighties hold-out desperately trying to stay afloat in a world he found increasingly incomprehensible.
Today, the digital networking of culture has also homogenised us. The kind of backwater where people can exist in a timewarp, Partridge-like, is increasingly difficult to find. And when you do stumble upon one, chances are someone with a MacBook is already there, Instagramming the colourful locals and tweeting about his “digital nomad” lifestyle.
So as a 21st-century TV host, Alan Partridge falls flat. It’s simply not plausible that someone could be as adrift from prevailing cultural currents as he is, and still have a job in TV. So instead of being deliciously cringe, what you get is a mean-spirited media-world in-joke about how embarrassed everyone would be if one of those people who’d never stand a chance in the industry actually became a TV presenter.
And with the homogenisation that has de-Partridged even our backwaters has come a sea-change in our ways of interacting, thinking, even understanding what reality is. Friends aired its last episode four months after the launch of another type of “friends”: the virtual, networked kind mapped by Facebook.
The shift from “Friends world” to “Facebook friends world” started out as a way of mapping aspects of our social worlds that were already there. To begin with, we added “friends” we actually knew. But over time, it came increasingly to stand in for those social worlds, as we’ve increasingly swapped real-life meetups for messenger groups. Now, accelerated still further by lockdowns, much of social life has withdrawn from IRL altogether for an online-only mulch of infighting and memes.
This in turn has taken the boomers’ “open” values in strange new directions. Whereas I spent my pre-internet teens poking around in arcane subcultures, today everything is “open” – or at least, it’s online in the public domain. You’d think that would make it easier to find like-minded souls, which is true — but those friendships are opt-in, like in Friends world, which means they’re also opt-out again.
Against that backdrop, it’s nigh-on impossible to create the kind of boredom and insularity that forges teenage subcultures. Instead, less-than-model-perfect girls like I was (which is to say, nearly all girls) spend their time ‘perfecting’ selfies with Facetune for public consumption. In the process, many grow terrified of meeting people in the flesh and revealing their less-than-perfect real selves.
And this has ridden on the coat-tails of a more general withering of ‘IRL’ social life. We don’t hang out in cafes any more in the expectation of bumping into friends. It’s been rude to phone someone out of the blue since 2011. Often, we don’t make IRL friends at all: in a 2019 poll, 22% of millennials reported having no friends.
None of this is to lament the passing of the Nineties, a decade I loathed. For me personally, life is much nicer now. Nor was I even much for Friends in the Nineties. It felt too twee and feelgood for a sullen adolescent as I was, with Tipp-Ex slogans on my Doc Martens and a predilection for Nietzsche and pirate radio. I scorned its upbeat and gregarious vision, preferring the world sketched out in the subscription of Green Anarchist I devoured (wholly without irony) in my parents’ leafy commuter-belt home.
I longed to grow dreadlocks and run away from home in a caravan of crusties, or live in a tree to protest the Newbury bypass. I didn’t. But Spiral Tribe, whose open-air raves triggered legislation to ban unlicensed dance parties the year Friends launched, were close to the truth when they sang: “You might stop the party but you can’t stop the future”.
Friends was the party; it was the blue pill. And it did stop. But the future didn’t. There was a time we all believed, with Tony Blair, that ‘Things Can Only Get Better’ and that being more open — with our friendships, our emotions, our everything — was the royal road there. But it turned out that the flimsy, pastiche-laden, ironic Nineties of Tory sleaze, illegal raves, Britpop, football, and Princess Di really was as good as the End of History was ever going to get.
Now we’re through the looking glass. In this new post-literate world, along with the red pill you can have a black one, a white one, a pink, purple or even chaste pill. The only pill you can’t have is the blue one: the comfort blanket of Friends world, where “openness” never made life worse, the party never stopped, and the future never arrived.
That one is no longer available, except in obsolete formats that don’t work on modern screens.
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SubscribeTangential to that, recently I was reflecting on our move from an “open” society to a “permissive” society. In the open society, everything which is not expressly forbidden is permitted. In the permissive society, everything which is not expressly permitted is forbidden. To give an example: when I was a lad, many years ago, my university library was open to the public. Students, of course, were the only ones permitted to check out books, but anyone could wander the stacks. Now, at the university I work at, only those with university IDs are allowed to even enter the library building, let alone check out books. Increasingly, much of the internet is turning into a gated community, where only those explicitly permitted may enter, as opposed to the relatively lawless Wild West internet of my youth. Paywalls are going up, or people are retreating to social media platforms. Media now works on a rental model, rather than an ownership model–see, for instance, Best Buy’s recent announcement that they will cease to carry DVDs and Blu-Rays, as everyone uses streaming. But of course, you only have access to the content provided the service permits you access.
Returning to the libraries: in a profoundly shortsighted move, my undergraduate physics department decided not long after I left to scrap their quite amply stocked physics library and instead put in a computer center. The reams of journals, the stacks of books, were all transferred to the main undergraduate library. But of course, once you no longer have your own departmental library, you no longer have control of those texts, and it wouldn’t surprise me were the undergraduate library to have disposed of many of those texts on the grounds that they were unnecessary due to Interlibrary Loan. And of course, the physics department would have justified their actions by pointing to the availability of, for example, journals via online subscription services. But when you junk your physical copies of journals in favor of subscription to digital copies, you’re not merely subscribing for future editions but also past editions, which means that if you lose your subscription for whatever reason, you also lose access to not only all subsequent issues but also all previous issues, leaving you with no journals at all. You only have access to those journals which the subscription service permits you to access, rather than the total access that comes with ownership. More and more these days, we live in a tenant society, rather than an owner society.
Are you currently busy de-colonising the catalogue and restricting access to ‘problematic’ texts in the interests of student mental health ?
Hopefully he is reimagining the History section with the shared, lived experience of invisible communities disproportionately affected by colonial narratives and compounded by the carceral system.
I also lament that all commerce seems to be switching to the “subscription model”. It seems like a gateway to the “you will own nothing and be happy” vision of the future.
…and the late Matthew Perry seemed to be the tragic, unexpected product of that 90s dream. At the time, it was all wisecracks, killer one-liners and neverending laughs. What was going on underneath was so much darker, and now we have the awful conclusion to it.
May he rest in peace.
Unlike Mary, I did watch and love “Friends” as a teenager. Sitting with my mum and being in stitches about Chandler’s latest pun are some of the nicest memories of the 90s – which, as a decade, I disliked at the time but now look back on with a sort of longing. We were all so busy laughing at the joke and hadn’t yet realised that the fun was all just a thin veneer that we’d eventually fall through back into a darker reality.
Mary might well have liked the show – but that wasn’t her point…
To a certain extent, Fight Club only came into being as a reaction to the cultural phenomenon of Friends, book then film.
I see The Matrix as a Gnostic red herring, much like the transgendered fate of its directors.
Thesis, antithesis but no synthesis here. Gen X has remained trapped in the corporate value system needed to rear families and pay mortgages, while their bemused generational heirs have pursued identity politics driven by the enormous cultural power of the higher education sector since the 1990s.
The Matrix is really just Plato’s Cave allegory is it not?
“…desperately trying to stay afloat in a world he found increasingly incomprehensible.”
Yes!!!!! That’s me.
You’re not alone, small consolation, perhaps.
It was a TV series. Nothing like real life. Designed to be entertaining, nothing else! In the age when people were allowed to enjoy chocolate just because it tasted good, not because of its theobromine percentage.
Although it’s good to be introspective, sometimes it’s OK to like something simply because it’s, well, likeable.
And the writing and characters were very well crafted, It was a good ensemble. What a life-changing opportunity those actors got.
Friends was pretty lame. Its popularity now makes me sad, because it suggests the need in people for that comforting connection and acceptance which as Mary says, doesn’t exist anymore (if it ever did)…
Poor you!
Theater is life, film is art, television is furniture.
attributed to many; remembered by few
The “Friends” were constantly hooking up and breaking up sexually. With no long-term psychic scars.
What I thought most interesting about the series was the early decision of the core cast to bargain collectively for their salaries.
Pretty good metaphor for the relationships on-screen, come to think of it: transactional.
Mathew Perry was getting 20 million a year from residuals at the time of his death. I presume all the other “friends” are getting that because they each got one million an episode when it was taped.
Unherd – please publish a compilation of all Mary’s articles as a book. I’m sure I’m not the only one who would like to read them again and again.
I have fond memories of 4:3 screens …
I tried watching it once, but gave up. Twee beyond belief. It bore the same relationship to comedy as Agadoo does to music.
I don’t mind a bit of escapism, but that just wasn’t any sort of world I’d want to escape into.
Yes, it’s just a kind of TV up with which I will not put.
Mary wrongly puts the Friends zietgist in the context of several subsequent generations, whom have their own issues to deal with. Who cares? My wife and i enjoyed Friends in the Nineties, and still chuckle or laugh out loud when we see a rerun (there’s an old term!) occasionally. We sort of identified with the Friends dynamic then, and have not declined into some sort of post-modern ennui, or whatever fall from grace this article suggests. The younger generations can figure out what makes them happy, I don’t really care that much.
Re-reading this article I’m reminded why I was so impressed with MH’s work when I first encountered it on Unherd.
‘This Life’ was miles better than ‘Friends’…just sayin’…
Glad to find the promise was empty, since I’ve never seen any of it.
Aside from the Smelly Cat song.