A steady eradication of housing regulations over the next decade culminated in Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi’s Urban Renaissance project, which allowed fast-track approval of high-rise inner-city developments. Now, Japan’s cities seem to be in a dizzying state of flux and thrum to the sound of construction.
Sounds great, doesn’t it? six hundred feet above the Hackney Wick shanty-town, the roar of incessant construction plant vying with the imam’s call to prayer and the African drummers six floors up. You’re a bit worried about that ex-army chap with the facial tattoo who shouts in the lift, but I suppose he has to defecate somewhere, and he does at least keep to the corners. You’re getting a bit bored with that app that shows you pastoral scenes of England from fifty years ago to a soundtrack of Vaughan Williams and Delius, but they’ll bring out the new version soon. The government will sort it. They sort everything, including the building planning permissions, and imposing the new building quotas while maintaining the nature and leisure corridors across Southern England for the racing cyclists and marathon runners. You need permits now, of course, but it’s still nice to watch the lycra flash past amid the greenery.
God, do you remember when people had “backyards” and stuff like property rights? When Conservatives thought that you had to conserve things like culture and nature? The dark ages, indeed….
Last edited 11 months ago by Simon Neale
Simon Neale
11 months ago
A steady eradication of housing regulations over the next decade culminated in Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi’s Urban Renaissance project, which allowed fast-track approval of high-rise inner-city developments. Now, Japan’s cities seem to be in a dizzying state of flux and thrum to the sound of construction.
Sounds great, doesn’t it? six hundred feet above the Hackney Wick shanty-town, the roar of incessant construction plant vying with the imam’s call to prayer and the African drummers six floors up. You’re a bit worried about that ex-army chap with the facial tattoo who shouts in the lift, but I suppose he has to defecate somewhere, and he does at least keep to the corners. You’re getting a bit bored with that app that shows you pastoral scenes of England from fifty years ago to a soundtrack of Vaughan Williams and Delius, but they’ll bring out the new version soon. The government will sort it. They sort everything, including the building planning permissions, and imposing the new building quotas while maintaining the nature and leisure corridors across Southern England for the racing cyclists and marathon runners. You need permits now, of course, but it’s still nice to watch the lycra flash past amid the greenery.
God, do you remember when people had “backyards” and stuff like property rights? When Conservatives thought that you had to conserve things like culture and nature? The dark ages, indeed….
Last edited 11 months ago by Simon Neale
Allison Barrows
11 months ago
Perhaps the fact that the Japanese are fiercely protective of their homogeneous society explains why they don’t mind living in such close quarters. Diversity is clearly not a strength to them.
Japanese is an old society; their obsession with excellence, cleanliness, simplicity has nothing to do with lack of diversity.
Although I am sure if Japan was invaded by 3rd worlders its street will be full of litter.
Japanese is an old society; their obsession with excellence, cleanliness, simplicity has nothing to do with lack of diversity.
Although I am sure if Japan was invaded by 3rd worlders its street will be full of litter.
Allison Barrows
11 months ago
Perhaps the fact that the Japanese are fiercely protective of their homogeneous society explains why they don’t mind living in such close quarters. Diversity is clearly not a strength to them.
Julian Farrows
11 months ago
I was in Tokyo a couple of months ago. During my short stay there I found it a wonderful place full of friendly and delightful people. For a people who live in tight quarters they still manage to remain polite and well-mannered. I do wonder at what cost they manage to keep their cool though. I can’t imagine Westerners coexisting peacefully under such crowded conditions.
Very homogeneous country, with the parochial language, very little diversity, I levels of social trust and bonding capital, trust in the state, and society. Never going to work in Britain or America.
Very homogeneous country, with the parochial language, very little diversity, I levels of social trust and bonding capital, trust in the state, and society. Never going to work in Britain or America.
Julian Farrows
11 months ago
I was in Tokyo a couple of months ago. During my short stay there I found it a wonderful place full of friendly and delightful people. For a people who live in tight quarters they still manage to remain polite and well-mannered. I do wonder at what cost they manage to keep their cool though. I can’t imagine Westerners coexisting peacefully under such crowded conditions.
Alan Bright
11 months ago
Japan has a falling population – that will account (partially) for lower rental costs
Alan Bright
11 months ago
Japan has a falling population – that will account (partially) for lower rental costs
David Harris
11 months ago
But then they don’t have an extra half million strangers to house every year do they?
David Harris
11 months ago
But then they don’t have an extra half million strangers to house every year do they?
Kirk Susong
11 months ago
The best lesson you can learn is to expect less? Actually it sounds like there’s a different lesson here… that Tokyo’s people and culture and built environment are totally unlike London’s, and that there are very few parallels to be drawn or lessons to be learned. It is anthropologically interesting that a foreign people around the globe has a different way of living; that fact need not be twisted and strained to produce some incoherent ‘insights’ into a totally different situation here at home.
My first thoughts too. The piece was a little too reminiscent of “You will have nothing. And you will be happy.” I lived in a Tokyo suburb years ago as an undergraduate. Leafy, green neighborhood of large houses and gardens, separated by a very Edwardian back service alley. The price was, of course, a long and hellish commute, but one gets used to it, and it was worth it, to enjoy a solitary hour manicuring the garden, with personal space. City dwellers have their conveniences, and suburban dwellers pay for peace by spending hours commuting. The best thing, whatever country, is to have a choice.
My first thoughts too. The piece was a little too reminiscent of “You will have nothing. And you will be happy.” I lived in a Tokyo suburb years ago as an undergraduate. Leafy, green neighborhood of large houses and gardens, separated by a very Edwardian back service alley. The price was, of course, a long and hellish commute, but one gets used to it, and it was worth it, to enjoy a solitary hour manicuring the garden, with personal space. City dwellers have their conveniences, and suburban dwellers pay for peace by spending hours commuting. The best thing, whatever country, is to have a choice.
Kirk Susong
11 months ago
The best lesson you can learn is to expect less? Actually it sounds like there’s a different lesson here… that Tokyo’s people and culture and built environment are totally unlike London’s, and that there are very few parallels to be drawn or lessons to be learned. It is anthropologically interesting that a foreign people around the globe has a different way of living; that fact need not be twisted and strained to produce some incoherent ‘insights’ into a totally different situation here at home.
Mike Selby
11 months ago
I lived in Tokyo for four years in my early 20s (50 years ago) and still have a flat there which I visit all too rarely. I love the way new houses are shoehorned into any available space, no matter what shape, particularly in residential backstreets, such as around Kowazawa Daigaku area (where I have my little place). It encourages inventive, quirky, and efficient modern design.
Me too as a matter of fact, 1974 through 78. I was purely a renter though, with my company making all the arrangements, which is how most commercial gaijin do it.
Like Houston, Tokyo has no zoning. From my office window in Toranomon, I could look down on a jigsaw-puzzle maze of houses, shops, apartments, and businesses. Each of those tiny lots is a laboratory for the sort of experimentation this article describes.
Me too as a matter of fact, 1974 through 78. I was purely a renter though, with my company making all the arrangements, which is how most commercial gaijin do it.
Like Houston, Tokyo has no zoning. From my office window in Toranomon, I could look down on a jigsaw-puzzle maze of houses, shops, apartments, and businesses. Each of those tiny lots is a laboratory for the sort of experimentation this article describes.
Mike Selby
11 months ago
I lived in Tokyo for four years in my early 20s (50 years ago) and still have a flat there which I visit all too rarely. I love the way new houses are shoehorned into any available space, no matter what shape, particularly in residential backstreets, such as around Kowazawa Daigaku area (where I have my little place). It encourages inventive, quirky, and efficient modern design.
Last edited 11 months ago by Mike Selby
Ryan Oneglia
11 months ago
I always imagined the dream was to have a Japanese garden in your backyard rather than a Starbucks
Ryan Oneglia
11 months ago
I always imagined the dream was to have a Japanese garden in your backyard rather than a Starbucks
Vici C
11 months ago
Oh yes, let’s put up more houses, more skyscrapers, more roads more everything! Wonderful, fantastic! And when we have wiped out every other living thing on the planet, let’s go do the same on another planet.
Oh yes, let’s put up more houses, more skyscrapers, more roads more everything! Wonderful, fantastic! And when we have wiped out every other living thing on the planet, let’s go do the same on another planet.
Mike Selby
11 months ago
Typo? It’s kodokushi, not kodukushi.
Last edited 11 months ago by Mike Selby
Mike Selby
11 months ago
Typo? It’s kodokushi, not kodukushi.
Last edited 11 months ago by Mike Selby
Perry de Havilland
11 months ago
Perhaps the best lesson we can learn from the residents of Tokyo is that what works in Japan makes little sense elsewhere. In earthquake-free UK, people are not going to expect less, not should they.
That said, yes, there needs to be vastly less tolerance for the NIMBYs when it comes to building on brownfield sites. Also, local authorities need to be cut down to size and granted vastly *less* authority over pretty much everything.
Ah! That old chestnut “NIMBYs”. An opinion that has to rely on slurs isn’t a valid one. I don’t see anyone objecting to building on brownfield sites anyway. Local authorities have very little power when it comes to new build, no matter how many meetings and protests and discussions them new housing estates just keep on getting built. As decreed by the powers above who think it a good idea to continue giving their donating businesses endless supplies of cheap labour.
Ah! That old chestnut “NIMBYs”. An opinion that has to rely on slurs isn’t a valid one. I don’t see anyone objecting to building on brownfield sites anyway. Local authorities have very little power when it comes to new build, no matter how many meetings and protests and discussions them new housing estates just keep on getting built. As decreed by the powers above who think it a good idea to continue giving their donating businesses endless supplies of cheap labour.
Perry de Havilland
11 months ago
Perhaps the best lesson we can learn from the residents of Tokyo is that what works in Japan makes little sense elsewhere. In earthquake-free UK, people are not going to expect less, not should they.
That said, yes, there needs to be vastly less tolerance for the NIMBYs when it comes to building on brownfield sites. Also, local authorities need to be cut down to size and granted vastly *less* authority over pretty much everything.
Charles Stanhope
11 months ago
The US should have ‘nuked’ Tokyo in 1945.
It would have restored Western ‘face’ after the earlier catastrophic defeats suffered at Singapore and the Philippines.
Sadly this audacious policy was not followed, and thus the Chinese think they are our equals and a have a chance. They haven’t, but it will be an expensive exercise to put them back in their box!
Actually, after the extraordinarily destructive March 1945 firebombing* of the capital by Allied warplanes, there wasn’t much left to destroy in Tokyo. And surely the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki more than compensated for any presumed humiliations inflicted by Imperial Japan in the early 1940s?
*Around 100,000 dead and 1,000,000 homeless.
Most of Tokyo was destroyed during the 1945 March USAF incendiary bombing orchestrated by General Curtis LeMay the American version of ‘Bomber’ Harris. Do a search and you can easily find pictures showing a burnt out wasteland. I believe more people died than in the A bombings.
Feel better now?
All that is well known, what was missing was that moment of ‘theatre’. Now you see Tokyo, now you don’t, and probably half a dozen other major Japanese cities as well.
That would have sent a salutary message to the world, and China and the USSR in particular.
Ancient Rome obliterated both Carthage and Corinth in what we now call the year 146 BC. The result? Centuries of the ‘Pax Romana’.
I suggest the “theatre” was when the scrawny emperor, Hirohito, broadcasting the news of Japan’s surrender to a wearied populace (the capital reduced to ashes, two major cities nuked, every other major city blitzed, and around 3 million war dead) solemnly announced that the “war has developed not necessarily to our advantage…” An understatement for the ages.
I suggest the “theatre” was when the scrawny emperor, Hirohito, broadcasting the news of Japan’s surrender to a wearied populace (the capital reduced to ashes, two major cities nuked, every other major city blitzed, and around 3 million war dead) solemnly announced that the “war has developed not necessarily to our advantage…” An understatement for the ages.
All that is well known, what was missing was that moment of ‘theatre’. Now you see Tokyo, now you don’t, and probably half a dozen other major Japanese cities as well.
That would have sent a salutary message to the world, and China and the USSR in particular.
Ancient Rome obliterated both Carthage and Corinth in what we now call the year 146 BC. The result? Centuries of the ‘Pax Romana’.
Actually, after the extraordinarily destructive March 1945 firebombing* of the capital by Allied warplanes, there wasn’t much left to destroy in Tokyo. And surely the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki more than compensated for any presumed humiliations inflicted by Imperial Japan in the early 1940s?
*Around 100,000 dead and 1,000,000 homeless.
Most of Tokyo was destroyed during the 1945 March USAF incendiary bombing orchestrated by General Curtis LeMay the American version of ‘Bomber’ Harris. Do a search and you can easily find pictures showing a burnt out wasteland. I believe more people died than in the A bombings.
Feel better now?
Charles Stanhope
11 months ago
The US should have ‘nuked’ Tokyo in 1945.
It would have restored Western ‘face’ after the earlier catastrophic defeats suffered at Singapore and the Philippines.
Sadly this audacious policy was not followed, and thus the Chinese think they are our equals and a have a chance. They haven’t, but it will be an expensive exercise to put them back in their box!
Sounds great, doesn’t it? six hundred feet above the Hackney Wick shanty-town, the roar of incessant construction plant vying with the imam’s call to prayer and the African drummers six floors up. You’re a bit worried about that ex-army chap with the facial tattoo who shouts in the lift, but I suppose he has to defecate somewhere, and he does at least keep to the corners. You’re getting a bit bored with that app that shows you pastoral scenes of England from fifty years ago to a soundtrack of Vaughan Williams and Delius, but they’ll bring out the new version soon. The government will sort it. They sort everything, including the building planning permissions, and imposing the new building quotas while maintaining the nature and leisure corridors across Southern England for the racing cyclists and marathon runners. You need permits now, of course, but it’s still nice to watch the lycra flash past amid the greenery.
God, do you remember when people had “backyards” and stuff like property rights? When Conservatives thought that you had to conserve things like culture and nature? The dark ages, indeed….
Sounds great, doesn’t it? six hundred feet above the Hackney Wick shanty-town, the roar of incessant construction plant vying with the imam’s call to prayer and the African drummers six floors up. You’re a bit worried about that ex-army chap with the facial tattoo who shouts in the lift, but I suppose he has to defecate somewhere, and he does at least keep to the corners. You’re getting a bit bored with that app that shows you pastoral scenes of England from fifty years ago to a soundtrack of Vaughan Williams and Delius, but they’ll bring out the new version soon. The government will sort it. They sort everything, including the building planning permissions, and imposing the new building quotas while maintaining the nature and leisure corridors across Southern England for the racing cyclists and marathon runners. You need permits now, of course, but it’s still nice to watch the lycra flash past amid the greenery.
God, do you remember when people had “backyards” and stuff like property rights? When Conservatives thought that you had to conserve things like culture and nature? The dark ages, indeed….
Perhaps the fact that the Japanese are fiercely protective of their homogeneous society explains why they don’t mind living in such close quarters. Diversity is clearly not a strength to them.
Japanese is an old society; their obsession with excellence, cleanliness, simplicity has nothing to do with lack of diversity.
Although I am sure if Japan was invaded by 3rd worlders its street will be full of litter.
Japanese is an old society; their obsession with excellence, cleanliness, simplicity has nothing to do with lack of diversity.
Although I am sure if Japan was invaded by 3rd worlders its street will be full of litter.
Perhaps the fact that the Japanese are fiercely protective of their homogeneous society explains why they don’t mind living in such close quarters. Diversity is clearly not a strength to them.
I was in Tokyo a couple of months ago. During my short stay there I found it a wonderful place full of friendly and delightful people. For a people who live in tight quarters they still manage to remain polite and well-mannered. I do wonder at what cost they manage to keep their cool though. I can’t imagine Westerners coexisting peacefully under such crowded conditions.
Very homogeneous country, with the parochial language, very little diversity, I levels of social trust and bonding capital, trust in the state, and society. Never going to work in Britain or America.
Very homogeneous country, with the parochial language, very little diversity, I levels of social trust and bonding capital, trust in the state, and society. Never going to work in Britain or America.
I was in Tokyo a couple of months ago. During my short stay there I found it a wonderful place full of friendly and delightful people. For a people who live in tight quarters they still manage to remain polite and well-mannered. I do wonder at what cost they manage to keep their cool though. I can’t imagine Westerners coexisting peacefully under such crowded conditions.
Japan has a falling population – that will account (partially) for lower rental costs
Japan has a falling population – that will account (partially) for lower rental costs
But then they don’t have an extra half million strangers to house every year do they?
But then they don’t have an extra half million strangers to house every year do they?
The best lesson you can learn is to expect less? Actually it sounds like there’s a different lesson here… that Tokyo’s people and culture and built environment are totally unlike London’s, and that there are very few parallels to be drawn or lessons to be learned. It is anthropologically interesting that a foreign people around the globe has a different way of living; that fact need not be twisted and strained to produce some incoherent ‘insights’ into a totally different situation here at home.
My first thoughts too. The piece was a little too reminiscent of “You will have nothing. And you will be happy.” I lived in a Tokyo suburb years ago as an undergraduate. Leafy, green neighborhood of large houses and gardens, separated by a very Edwardian back service alley. The price was, of course, a long and hellish commute, but one gets used to it, and it was worth it, to enjoy a solitary hour manicuring the garden, with personal space. City dwellers have their conveniences, and suburban dwellers pay for peace by spending hours commuting. The best thing, whatever country, is to have a choice.
My first thoughts too. The piece was a little too reminiscent of “You will have nothing. And you will be happy.” I lived in a Tokyo suburb years ago as an undergraduate. Leafy, green neighborhood of large houses and gardens, separated by a very Edwardian back service alley. The price was, of course, a long and hellish commute, but one gets used to it, and it was worth it, to enjoy a solitary hour manicuring the garden, with personal space. City dwellers have their conveniences, and suburban dwellers pay for peace by spending hours commuting. The best thing, whatever country, is to have a choice.
The best lesson you can learn is to expect less? Actually it sounds like there’s a different lesson here… that Tokyo’s people and culture and built environment are totally unlike London’s, and that there are very few parallels to be drawn or lessons to be learned. It is anthropologically interesting that a foreign people around the globe has a different way of living; that fact need not be twisted and strained to produce some incoherent ‘insights’ into a totally different situation here at home.
I lived in Tokyo for four years in my early 20s (50 years ago) and still have a flat there which I visit all too rarely. I love the way new houses are shoehorned into any available space, no matter what shape, particularly in residential backstreets, such as around Kowazawa Daigaku area (where I have my little place). It encourages inventive, quirky, and efficient modern design.
Me too as a matter of fact, 1974 through 78. I was purely a renter though, with my company making all the arrangements, which is how most commercial gaijin do it.
Like Houston, Tokyo has no zoning. From my office window in Toranomon, I could look down on a jigsaw-puzzle maze of houses, shops, apartments, and businesses. Each of those tiny lots is a laboratory for the sort of experimentation this article describes.
Me too as a matter of fact, 1974 through 78. I was purely a renter though, with my company making all the arrangements, which is how most commercial gaijin do it.
Like Houston, Tokyo has no zoning. From my office window in Toranomon, I could look down on a jigsaw-puzzle maze of houses, shops, apartments, and businesses. Each of those tiny lots is a laboratory for the sort of experimentation this article describes.
I lived in Tokyo for four years in my early 20s (50 years ago) and still have a flat there which I visit all too rarely. I love the way new houses are shoehorned into any available space, no matter what shape, particularly in residential backstreets, such as around Kowazawa Daigaku area (where I have my little place). It encourages inventive, quirky, and efficient modern design.
I always imagined the dream was to have a Japanese garden in your backyard rather than a Starbucks
I always imagined the dream was to have a Japanese garden in your backyard rather than a Starbucks
Oh yes, let’s put up more houses, more skyscrapers, more roads more everything! Wonderful, fantastic! And when we have wiped out every other living thing on the planet, let’s go do the same on another planet.
The ocean is right there….
The ocean is right there….
Oh yes, let’s put up more houses, more skyscrapers, more roads more everything! Wonderful, fantastic! And when we have wiped out every other living thing on the planet, let’s go do the same on another planet.
Typo? It’s kodokushi, not kodukushi.
Typo? It’s kodokushi, not kodukushi.
Perhaps the best lesson we can learn from the residents of Tokyo is that what works in Japan makes little sense elsewhere. In earthquake-free UK, people are not going to expect less, not should they.
That said, yes, there needs to be vastly less tolerance for the NIMBYs when it comes to building on brownfield sites. Also, local authorities need to be cut down to size and granted vastly *less* authority over pretty much everything.
Ah! That old chestnut “NIMBYs”. An opinion that has to rely on slurs isn’t a valid one. I don’t see anyone objecting to building on brownfield sites anyway. Local authorities have very little power when it comes to new build, no matter how many meetings and protests and discussions them new housing estates just keep on getting built. As decreed by the powers above who think it a good idea to continue giving their donating businesses endless supplies of cheap labour.
Ah! That old chestnut “NIMBYs”. An opinion that has to rely on slurs isn’t a valid one. I don’t see anyone objecting to building on brownfield sites anyway. Local authorities have very little power when it comes to new build, no matter how many meetings and protests and discussions them new housing estates just keep on getting built. As decreed by the powers above who think it a good idea to continue giving their donating businesses endless supplies of cheap labour.
Perhaps the best lesson we can learn from the residents of Tokyo is that what works in Japan makes little sense elsewhere. In earthquake-free UK, people are not going to expect less, not should they.
That said, yes, there needs to be vastly less tolerance for the NIMBYs when it comes to building on brownfield sites. Also, local authorities need to be cut down to size and granted vastly *less* authority over pretty much everything.
The US should have ‘nuked’ Tokyo in 1945.
It would have restored Western ‘face’ after the earlier catastrophic defeats suffered at Singapore and the Philippines.
Sadly this audacious policy was not followed, and thus the Chinese think they are our equals and a have a chance. They haven’t, but it will be an expensive exercise to put them back in their box!
Actually, after the extraordinarily destructive March 1945 firebombing* of the capital by Allied warplanes, there wasn’t much left to destroy in Tokyo. And surely the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki more than compensated for any presumed humiliations inflicted by Imperial Japan in the early 1940s?
*Around 100,000 dead and 1,000,000 homeless.
I beg to disagree, two ‘bombs’ were NOT enough as subsequent events have proved.
I beg to disagree, two ‘bombs’ were NOT enough as subsequent events have proved.
Most of Tokyo was destroyed during the 1945 March USAF incendiary bombing orchestrated by General Curtis LeMay the American version of ‘Bomber’ Harris. Do a search and you can easily find pictures showing a burnt out wasteland. I believe more people died than in the A bombings.
Feel better now?
All that is well known, what was missing was that moment of ‘theatre’. Now you see Tokyo, now you don’t, and probably half a dozen other major Japanese cities as well.
That would have sent a salutary message to the world, and China and the USSR in particular.
Ancient Rome obliterated both Carthage and Corinth in what we now call the year 146 BC. The result? Centuries of the ‘Pax Romana’.
I suggest the “theatre” was when the scrawny emperor, Hirohito, broadcasting the news of Japan’s surrender to a wearied populace (the capital reduced to ashes, two major cities nuked, every other major city blitzed, and around 3 million war dead) solemnly announced that the “war has developed not necessarily to our advantage…” An understatement for the ages.
‘We’ should have hanged Hirohito.
‘We’ should have hanged Hirohito.
I suggest the “theatre” was when the scrawny emperor, Hirohito, broadcasting the news of Japan’s surrender to a wearied populace (the capital reduced to ashes, two major cities nuked, every other major city blitzed, and around 3 million war dead) solemnly announced that the “war has developed not necessarily to our advantage…” An understatement for the ages.
All that is well known, what was missing was that moment of ‘theatre’. Now you see Tokyo, now you don’t, and probably half a dozen other major Japanese cities as well.
That would have sent a salutary message to the world, and China and the USSR in particular.
Ancient Rome obliterated both Carthage and Corinth in what we now call the year 146 BC. The result? Centuries of the ‘Pax Romana’.
Actually, after the extraordinarily destructive March 1945 firebombing* of the capital by Allied warplanes, there wasn’t much left to destroy in Tokyo. And surely the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki more than compensated for any presumed humiliations inflicted by Imperial Japan in the early 1940s?
*Around 100,000 dead and 1,000,000 homeless.
Most of Tokyo was destroyed during the 1945 March USAF incendiary bombing orchestrated by General Curtis LeMay the American version of ‘Bomber’ Harris. Do a search and you can easily find pictures showing a burnt out wasteland. I believe more people died than in the A bombings.
Feel better now?
The US should have ‘nuked’ Tokyo in 1945.
It would have restored Western ‘face’ after the earlier catastrophic defeats suffered at Singapore and the Philippines.
Sadly this audacious policy was not followed, and thus the Chinese think they are our equals and a have a chance. They haven’t, but it will be an expensive exercise to put them back in their box!