This is a story about choices and consequences, so let’s start with DC’s decision in 1961 to publish a landmark issue of The Flash called “Flash of Two Worlds!” In the story, created by Gardner Fox and Carmen Infantino, the Flash of the Sixties (Barry Allen) meets the Flash of the Forties (Jay Garrick) by crossing from Earth-One to Earth-Two.
“As you know — two objects can occupy the same space and time — if they vibrate at different speeds!” Allen explains with a superhero’s typical fondness for exclamation marks. “My theory is, both Earths were created at the same time in two quite similar universes! They vibrate differently — which keeps them apart!” As the fastest man on (his) Earth, Allen vibrated so fast that he “tore a gap in the vibratory shields separating our worlds!”
Allen’s account of the physics may have been somewhat unreliable but readers didn’t flinch. Two worlds, two Flashes? Got it. That was how DC entered what the science-fiction writer Michael Moorcock would soon christen the “multiverse”.
Right now, the multiverse is box-office gold, as Doctor Strange and the Multiverse of Madness collides with the extraordinary word-of-mouth hit Everything Everywhere All At Once. The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) has already been universe-hopping in Spider-Man: No Way Home and Loki; DC will follow suit with next year’s The Flash. While writing Everything Everywhere All At Once, directors Dan Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (known collectively as Daniels) saw multiverse storylines in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse and Rick and Morty and worried that the concept would be old hat by the time their movie was out. Not a bit of it.
The multiverse began as an alternative answer to a confounding question. In the Twenties, experiments in the revolutionary new field of quantum mechanics demonstrated that sub-atomic particles such as electrons behaved as if they were in many places at once, like a waveform. Yet as soon as they were observed, these myriad coexisting possibilities concertinaed into a single, measurable state, which we call reality. How? In the traditional Copenhagen interpretation, the act of observation itself causes a phenomenon known as waveform collapse. This made sense to quantum physicists but not to anybody else.
One sceptic was Erwin Schrödinger. In 1935, he illustrated this paradox with a “ridiculous” thought experiment. A cat is placed in a box with a vial of lethal poison which will only break open if a radioactive atom decays. The odds are 50/50. If it were equally possible for the atom to have both decayed and not decayed until it is observed, Schrödinger argued, then it would be equally possible for the cat to be both alive and dead until the instant that the box is opened. Yet we instinctively feel that the unseen cat must be either alive or dead at any given moment, not alive and dead.
Join the discussion
Join like minded readers that support our journalism by becoming a paid subscriber
To join the discussion in the comments, become a paid subscriber.
Join like minded readers that support our journalism, read unlimited articles and enjoy other subscriber-only benefits.
SubscribeFrom DC comics, via quantum mechanics, to trenchant advice about how to handle our increasingly fraught world. Not bad going for one essay.
I have noticed this is common habit with people suffering from Never My Fault Syndrome.
I haven’t seen the movie. I have, however, read Larry Niven’s *All the Myriad Ways* from the collection of short stories by the same name. And this short story outlines what I think is the great problem with the every-decision-splits-both-ways version of the multiverse, which is ‘Whither Agency’?
Ever struggle with a very difficult decision? Why bother? You made it both ways. Tempted to do something evil? Somebody is giving into temptation right now, why not you? Feeling suicidal? Why not? Some fraction of you are going to die and others will survive. What does it matter? Does it matter if the (six-sided) dice are loaded? All six outcomes are going to show up, so what’s the point?
The covid counter-factual is extremely important as there was a divergence from widely recognised standards such as focusing on those with the highest risk and restrictions on human rights as an absolute last resort.
It is matter for justice, and as the personification of justice with weighing scales demonstrates – justice is about balance. So yes, learn the lessons to ensure it never happens again, but there needs to be visible punishment as part of the deterrent.
There are activists who pushed for the egregious measures like school closures which will have long term ramifications. There needs to be an appropriate level of justice, and part of that is an appropriate level of punishment.
Why should someone be punished for their best guess being wrong, or having had unpleasant side-effects? At least someone who feels that they suffered from having their school closed is alive to feel this way. In a counter-factual pandemic they might not be here to feel anything.
Good essay, though as far as i understand David Deutsch the quantum changes cause only their own ripple effects locally, the rest of the multiverse is the same until quantum effects fork locally again. It’s also not clear that quantum effects would cause that much difference unless they cause more serious non quantum effects.
Twitter produced a rash of counterfactuals …
Yes. But the description of the alternatives in the counterfactuals seem to me to have an in-built sense that they are the morally good ones – if only we had those alternatives, we would be on the right side of history.