I am baffled and dismayed by the idea that an object, however cleverly engineered, could replace a relationship with another human being. Yes, even one who wants to drink beer and watch football. We might want to drink beer and watch football together. Or I might be able to tolerate somebody who is not merely a mirror to myself, who has their own life, their own thoughts and desires and insecurities.
Of course, other humans have as many flaws as I do myself. That’s one of the ways we learn about ourselves, and change for the better, to see ourselves reflected in another’s eyes and feelings, to feel empathy and realise we need to extend the same compassion to others that we want from them.
And of course we risk emotional pain whenever we open up to another person emotionally. That is, in fact, my main objection to sex robots, not that they are too dangerous, but that they’re not dangerous enough.
We learn to live with people by living with people. A simulacrum of a relationship with a companion who is “just there for your pleasure”, is nothing like a relationship with a person who exists in their own right, as an end in themselves, not as a means to your getting your end away.
*
The other two elements of the human condition that Kleeman explores are birth and death, our entry into this world, and our departure. How much do we want technology to insulate us from biology, from the uncaring laws of Nature?
Birth has already been changed. The introduction of IVF separated conception from sex, and genetic motherhood from carrying a foetus to birth as a baby. There is one stronghold of biology that resists replacement by machines, the womb in which a woman’s body gestates every human that has ever lived. But for how long?
The Biobag is one of several attempts to replace the uterus as a place of sustenance and protection for gestating lambs, now, and one day, human babies. Ectogenesis, as portrayed in Brave New World, is the separation of human reproduction from the female body.
The hope it offers for very premature babies is one of the most emotional points in the book. And it’s already a lightning rod for some very strange reactions: from the angry men who see it as a chance to render women obsolete, or from the bioethicist Anna Smajdor who argues that ectogenesis is a moral imperative to achieve full sexual equality, but then opines “that to create another human being is the height of hubris”.
To do what all our forebears have done, deliberately or accidentally, fulfilling social expectation or consciously putting a stake in the future, is now “the height of hubris”. I’m not sure whether it’s the arrogance of imposing another person on the long-suffering planet, or of assuming that the hoped-for child will want to exist, that so offends Smajdor’s 21st-century sensibilities. Non-consensual conception may soon be added to a list of new crimes committed by parents against their offspring.
*
The fourth, and most disturbing, section of the book is about the desire to control death. Not by chasing immortality, but by planning and executing your own exit from the world, with some hi- or low-tech kit to remove another person from the consequences of killing you.
Kleeman meets people eager to use technology to this end, who are mostly, but not exclusively, suffering from degenerative or terminal conditions. Some regard it as an insurance policy that “takes away the fear of the future”. Others want to die because they are consuming resources, saying “I’ve come to my natural end of life, and I don’t want to be a burden on the planet.”
She is clearly saddened by many of the individual stories she hears, and troubled by the gap between shiny technology and its purpose. Kleeman doesn’t think we need a death machine and argues for a culture that accepts illness and death as part of life, for better palliative care, for support, dignity and reassurance, not death.
But she also wants to legalise assisted dying. She never seeks out, or offers, a challenge to the desirability of hastening towards death. In earlier parts of the book, she finds critical voices, and does not flinch from the deeper social, philosophical and moral dimensions of birth, sex and even food. The anti-euthanasia group Care Not Killing, and Not Dead Yet, “a British alliance of disabled people opposed to the right to die”, get a single sentence between them.
After her eloquent defence of the human aspects of intimacy, of bearing children, of compassion for animals as we feed ourselves, I had hoped for a defence of human life as something with intrinsic value, right to the final breath.
Kleeman is right that technology is too often portrayed as a clean, simple solution to messy problems. Sex robots will not fix the atomisation of society, the growing avoidance of emotional pain, or the disruption of traditional gender roles that has left men, especially, feeling redundant, resentful and that whatever they do is wrong.
But a future that harnesses technology to meet human needs and, yes, desires, isn’t a dystopia. We already use contraception to sever the natural link between heterosexual sex and procreation. Without that, straight women would be forced to choose between active sex lives and careers. We use medicine and sanitation to prevent nature killing us in droves from infancy onwards. We use science and engineering to produce more food from less land, with side benefits for the natural environment.
And yet, somehow Kleeman blames these applications of technology for the problems in her book. Industrial agriculture for making meat unsustainable, medicines for making disease and death more terrifying and pregnancy more medicalised, and the contraceptive pill for female independence that has left men lonely and frustrated.
Kleeman’s epilogue is not fatalistic. “We can use the time we still have, before these inventions go on the market, to examine why we think we need them in the first place. Then we can make the changes and sacrifices necessary to solve fundamental human problems, instead of turning to technology to paper over them.” But there’s the ambivalence again. “We will have to make sacrifices… we can’t have everything we want without any consequences, no matter what scientists and entrepreneurs may say.”
Is this a recognition of the imperfection of the world, and the hard choices humans always face? Or is it a masochistic version of the same schadenfreude that wants us all to eat insects because we deserve to be punished?
In Kleeman’s analysis, humans are the problem, with our appetites, our selfishness, and our unwillingness to be content with things as they are. She’s right, of course, that technology can’t resolve social, emotional or moral problems. But technology is merely a tool, designed and used by humans.
It doesn’t have to dehumanise and isolate us. It can connect us, free us from the constant life-or-death struggle with nature, and bring the benefits of civilisation within the reach of everyone. It can widen our horizons and the aspiration to keep pushing those horizons ever wider is a very human trait, and one worth celebrating.
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SubscribeGood discussion of some very important issues. I hate to point out a few flaws, but…
“The market for sex dolls is primarily male” is a claim I’ve heard before, mostly from Guardian columnists complaining that men might actually begin preferring them to real women, and don’t such artificial sex machines objectify women, and shouldn’t something be done etc.
The problem with that analysis is that women have been using artificial sex machines for generations. They’re called dildos, and as far as I can tell, no one argues that females using vibrators and dildos objectifies men, or that they render men obsolete. In fact, vibrators and dildos are far more objectifying than sex dolls, reducing men to their sexual appendage for female pleasure. At least sex dolls have a face.
The same gendered perspective is evident in your assertion that the pill has left “men lonely and frustrated.” In fact, the opposite is true. By liberating females from the threat of pregnancy, the pill also liberated men from having to marry to get sex, which is why men control the marriage market. There are now millions of women engaging in no-strings sex throughout the world, a cornucopia of possibility for single men. Or at least, for the men who can be bothered. The marriage strike and the MGTOW movement reflect men’s growing disenchantment with both marriage and relationships.
And rather than leaving men ” lonely and frustrated”, aside from a handful of incels who would never have gotten laid with or without the pill, it is women in their late 30’s and beyond who are discovering that without the ability to use sex to force men into marriage, a growing number of them end up unmarried, without a husband or children, facing a future with their cat, freezing their eggs in the hope that Mr. Right is just around the corner. This has become so bad that after running perhaps half a dozen articles on why being alone isn’t really so bad, the Guardian has begun shifting to explaining to lonely women why being childless is also just fine. The pigeons are coming home to roost for feminism, and the Guardian is looking to shift the blame before women figure out what happened.
In fact, as the rate of sexual intercourse falls among both younger men and women, it seems to be females who are suffering most from depression and anxiety, not men. The market for porn is growing fastest among young women, but it doesn’t give the emotional bond they need more than men do, a point you admitted in your article.
Worst of all, perhaps, is your assertion that “technology is merely a tool, designed and used by humans.” I think the point is that some technologies can change us in ways we can’t forsee, and wouldn’t choose. Cell phone tech was meant to help us communicate better- but the argument can be made that it in fact separates us more while enabling narcisistic people to fill Facebook with selfies. The internet was meant to do the same, but it seems to have degenerated into a platform for hate-mongering and political chicanery.
Pollyanaesque hopes that technology will somehow “widen our horizons” may be true, but just as we use technology to shape our environment, there is a price to pay, for our tech also shapes and distorts us in ways we fail to foresee, and would never have chosen.
” it is women in their late 30’s and beyond who are discovering that without the ability to use sex to force men into marriage, a growing number of them end up unmarried, without a husband or children, facing a future with their cat, freezing their eggs in the hope that Mr. Right is just around the corner.”
Wow. You may want to look up the latest, multinational, multigenerational research on this topic, which shows that non-married women tend to be on average happier than their married counterparts. This stereotypical view you are propagating is both offensive and inaccurate. Look around, and you will find is much more to the lives of women who choose not to marry than endless years sitting at home laden with cats, just praying for a man.
You might want to consider the methodological problems inherent in all research which depends on surveys, in which people tend to respond in ways that validate their choices. In other words, females who find themselves at 40 without a husband or kids are self-selected, therefore not a repr3sentative sample, and are likely to respond by validating their choices purely because they would otherwise have to admit they made the wrong one. The same phenomena happens when we purchase something, and rationalize our choice later because our commitment to that product is now retroactively used to justify the purchase.
But just consider this: why all the fuss about the unavailability of good men by older women, unless they realize that their own choices have left them high and dry?
Incredibly thought provoking article.
It is true we can feed 10-12 billion people by developing a global food system that utilities precision farming techniques, gmo crops, synthetic fertilisers and lab food along with halving food waste. And even more so if humanity went vegan.
(see figure 6 https://www.thelancet.com/j….
But is human growth desirable?
A bigger humanity will inevitably consume more which will hit Earth limits with the possibility of triggering tipping points as what occurs naturally within ecological succession.
Currently tipping points are theory but resource availability and growing resource scarcity is real. For example, exploitable oil reserves are currently due to end in 50 years time. Similarly, due to the growing scarcity of hydrocarbons, the cost of extracting them is becoming dearer which is increasing bills and squeezing disposible and discretionary incomes.
This is leading to growing debt which is essentially financing the extraction of future reserves which is quickening our encounter with resource limits.
Resource scarcity and the consequent resource availability will inevitably increase human competition with different cultural groups vying for their own reducing share of feeding territories which will be compounded with continued human growth.
This will no doubt give rise to the democratic politics of equality and the democratic politics of Inequality with inequality tending to rationalise human growth and equality tending to maximise human growth. This I think is at the heart of the rivalry between Progressives and Conservatives with the Progressives viewing rationalising as offensive and the Conservatives viewing maximising as offensive.
I personally don’t think the Progressives will win this battle because maximising human growth is the risk strategy and could lead to collapse. The Conservative approach on the other hand, although containing perceived injustices, is the precautionary strategy which is achieved by not maximising the endeavour to save all human life.
Another difficulty with equality is ecological debt,. If a Nation’s natural assets cannot support their current human population, they will need imports. So for example, in Britain we need to import 40% of our food. This explains why our multinational companies land grab indigenous territories with the help of corrupt foreign governments, evict the inhabitants of these territories and effectively force them to urbanise into poverty stricken shanty towns.
So if a designated land is over populated then this will inevitably lead to human suffering abroad which is then disguised as the sustainable development goals.
Is this desirable?
I think not because this results in maximising resource use and increasing human competition.
In contrast, by rationalising and achieving population stabilisation and then taking stock then there is a higher possibility that people will feel they have enough, even with inequality, and so human relations would generally be more peaceful.
This to me is more desirable ðŸµï¸
In conclusion, regarding our human trait to seek human growth, this can either be maximised in the form of an equal Progressive future with the greater possibility of competition and conflict or rationalised in the form of an unequal Conservative future with the greater possibility of cooperation and peace. For me, one is worth celebrating, the other is not, unless someone can come up with a technological cure for human competition and human conflict.
Cheers 🌺ðŸµï¸ðŸ’®ðŸŒ¸ðŸŒ¼
It is true we can feed 10-12 billion people by developing a global food system that utilities precision farming techniques, gmo crops, synthetic fertilisers and lab food along with halving food waste. And even more so if humanity went vegan.
(see figure 6 https://www.thelancet.com/j….
But is human growth desirable?
A bigger humanity will inevitably consume more which will hit Earth limits with the possibility of triggering tipping points as what occurs naturally within ecological succession.
Currently tipping points are theory but resource availability and growing resource scarcity is real. For example, exploitable oil reserves are currently due to end in 50 years time. Similarly, due to the growing scarcity of hydrocarbons, the cost of extracting oil is becoming dearer which is increasing bills and squeezing disposible and discretionary incomes.
This is leading to growing debt which is essentially finances the extraction of future reserves which is quickening our encounter with resource scarcity.
Resource scarcity and the consequent resource availability will inevitably increase human competition with different cultural groups vying for their reducing share which can only be compounded with continued human growth.
This will no doubt give rise to the politics of equality and the politics of Inequality and inequality will win because it is the best way to rationalise resource allocation and ensure greater human longevity but with more human injustice.
Equality won’t be achieved because ecologically material equality at the baseline of UK middle class lifestyles would require 4.2 Earths to sustain so equality could only be achieved by humanity adapting to the income of the working class.
Consequently, I have serious doubts the British middle class will commit to global equality if it means dropping to working class disposible income levels. Therefore, Western Progressives will probably only consent to Western Equality and therefore sanction inequality with say African people.
However, depriving African people of global equality will mean mass migrations as they search for better feeding grounds. This too will increase human competition with Progressives accepting the consequences of their global inequality but with Conservatives opposed. And for good reason, because it sets up a positive feedback mechanism, in other words, a vicious cycle.
This is because Britain has an ecological debt, which means that our natural assets cannot support our current human population. Consequently, as a society, we need imports to sustain ourselves. These imports, such as 40% of our food, are the basis of our multinational companies which for example land grab indigenous territories with the help of corrupt governments, evict the inhabitants of these territories which forces them to urbanise into poverty stricken shanty towns.
So by over populated the land we call Britain and at the same time demonstrate global inequality, human growth can only lead to increased human competition, so although we could feed ourselves, there would be a higher possibility of competition, conflict and possibly war. Is this desirable?
I think not. By achieving population stabilisation, taking stock and then proceeding to human degrowth, particularly in relation to human population decreases, then there will be a higher possibility that people will feel they have enough, even with inequality, and so human relations would generally be more peaceful.
This to me is more desirable ðŸµï¸
In conclusion, regarding our human trait to seek human growth, this can either be maximised in the form of a Progressive future with the greater possibility of competition and conflict or rationalised in the form of a Conservative future with the greater possibility of cooperation and peace. For me, one is worth celebrating, the other is not, unless someone can come up with a technological cure for human competition and human conflict.
Cheers 🌺ðŸµï¸ðŸ’®ðŸŒ¸ðŸŒ¼
Perhaps AI sex could someday fill the gap between male and female libido. It would likely reduce the numbers on violence against women. It could also unburden women from sex that they don’t really want, but end up doing “to preserve the relationship”. Granted, the connection (which is actually what men seek through sex, in spite of what some people still think…) would not be available – after all, it is a machine, not a person. But then again, there is no connection to be had when the sex available to you is more often than not one-sided…