It is then worth asking what it means for a country like Britain to be broke and what it will mean for the country moving into the future. Since the Chancellor revealed to the public how bad the situation is, a public debate has sprung up on social media. Some on the Left, influenced by Modern Monetary Theory (MMT), are arguing that a country like Britain can never be broke because it issues its own currency.

The argument here is effectively that the Government can borrow as much as it wants because the Bank of England (BoE) can buy up the bonds even if private investors do not want to hold them. In this vision, all the Chancellor must do is lean on the central bank and tell it to buy the debt. To some extent, what the MMT proponents say is true. This is basically how the quantitative easing (QE) programmes worked in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2008.

But what these people miss is that Britain runs a very large trade deficit. In the third quarter of 2023, it is estimated that the country had a current account deficit of £21.2 billion — or 3.1% of GDP. To finance this deficit, the British Government must sell debt to foreigners. If these sales dried up, sterling would have to adjust downward to close the gap, resulting in a substantial rise in the price of imports.

Since imports make up around 33.4% of GDP this would mean a rise in the price of approximately a third of British goods and services. Such inflation would feed through into the system more generally and Britain would see substantially higher inflation. This in turn would mean a decline in real incomes and another round of the cost-of-living crisis. And so the choice for the Government is to impose austerity through tax increases and spending cuts or allow the markets to impose austerity through higher rates of inflation.

Perhaps the most depressing thing about this austerity is that there is no real end in sight. Unlike the conditions placed on the PIIGS countries during the Eurozone debt crisis, there does not appear to be any intention here for the country to regain its competitiveness and experience growth once more. The chatter in Whitehall and around economic think tanks is that stagnation is here to stay. Phrased differently, Britain is about to enter a period of severe economic decline.

Keir Starmer’s time in office is set to be one of the grimmest the UK has experienced since the end of rationing after the Second World War. Do not expect British leaders to ask how the country went bankrupt in the first place. That would require reevaluating the runaway spending associated with Covid-19 lockdown policies, the huge losses from the Bank of England’s QE programmes, and the war in Ukraine which gave rise to skyrocketing energy prices and the extremely costly Energy Price Guarantee.

In short, it was the civil servants with their supposed technocratic acumen who drove Britain into the fiscal ditch — and it is the British taxpayer who will pay the price.

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Philip Pilkington is a macroeconomist and investment professional, and the author of The Reformation in Economics

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