November 22, 2024 - 10:00am

A parade in Red Square has traditionally been the opportunity for Moscow to demonstrate its latest weaponry. In these tense times, however, a defence industry facility in Ukraine was instead chosen as the location for Russia to show off its newest missile to the world.

Yesterday, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that Moscow had that morning tested an experimental non-nuclear hypersonic ballistic missile, “Oreshnik”, by firing it at a Dnipro industrial complex. The strike came in response to Kyiv’s attacks on targets in the Bryansk and Kursk oblasts of Russia, using American ATACMS and Franco-British Storm Shadow missiles.

Moscow’s move was clearly more about posturing than projectile development. After the US permitted Ukraine to fire long range missiles into Russia, Putin had to reassure his domestic population, and project strength to the West through a bold, albeit empty, gesture. The US was privately informed in advance to prevent misunderstandings and miscalculation. More publicly, from Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova’s suspiciously well-timed and well-amplified telephone call about the strike, midway through a press briefing to Putin’s surprise televised address, the news was intended to travel at hypersonic speed.

There is also the lack of military value to consider. Such missiles are low in accuracy, high in cost. US officials commented that Russia likely only possesses a few, and the weapon itself would not constitute a “game changer”, not least as Kyiv has withstood attacks from missiles with larger warheads. The Oreshnik appeared to carry a payload exclusively associated with nuclear-capable missiles, yet had not been loaded with one. This suggests it was — along with Russia’s newly revised nuclear doctrine — merely the latest stage of Putin’s long-running strategy of making nuclear threats whenever one of his “red lines” has been crossed. Such sabre-rattling has invariably come to naught before.

However, for all the obvious bluff and bluster, this situation still holds considerable peril. Putin alleged that “there are no means of counteracting such a weapon” and, while the words of Russia’s President should always be taken with a mountain of salt, Ukraine’s air force managed to successfully stop other missiles within that salvo but not the new Oreshnik. He further threatened possible future hits on Ukrainian territory, accompanied by a none-too-subtle warning that it may next be used to target civilians and “citizens of friendly countries”, a reference to foreign military contractors assisting Ukraine with long-range missiles.

Moving beyond the Oreshnik, Putin warned that Russia will “determine the targets for further tests of our newest missile systems on the basis of threats to the security of the Russian Federation”. He promised to “respond just as decisively and symmetrically…in the event of an escalation of aggressive actions”. Between now and January, there is likely to be a great deal Putin finds objectionable. The current US administration is striving to do as much as it can now to put Ukraine in the best position for battling, on or heading to the negotiating table once President-elect Donald Trump takes power.

With speed taking precedence over caution, Washington has just approved sending to Kyiv anti-personnel land mines to blunt the advances of Russian ground forces, despite earlier hesitation from the US over the risk to civilians. While vital supplies of weaponry to Ukraine are to be welcomed as a necessary obstacle to Russia’s battlefield advances, recent drone barrages between Kyiv and Moscow have shown how tensions can quickly escalate in this especially febrile atmosphere: of a war potentially in its desperate last stretches.

Ukraine’s Western partners should realise that, as they seek to compensate for their earlier reluctance by loosening the supply of weaponry to Ukraine, there will be other escalatory gestures from Russia. While Putin is unlikely to use nuclear weapons when he can just run down the clock until January, the increasingly provocative use of ballistic missiles will claim lives and fuel tensions. As Putin himself warned, “there will always be a response”.


Bethany Elliott is a writer specialising in Russia and Eastern Europe.

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