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Toulouse and the birth of modern jihadism The attack exposed the myth of the lone wolf

Merah's manhunt was prime prison viewing. Pascal Pavani/AFP/Getty Images

Merah's manhunt was prime prison viewing. Pascal Pavani/AFP/Getty Images


March 20, 2023   5 mins

When two young men embellish a Toulouse FC replica shirt with the name of the city’s most notorious mass murderer, is it just a sick and provocative gag, or evidence of sympathy for the killer’s worldview? Earlier this month, the French courts decided it was “terrorism apologia” and handed out three and four-month sentences to two men who, posted a photo on Snapchat wearing a football shirt with the name of the delinquent jihadist, Mohammed Merah, across it, with the number seven — for the number he killed.

Mohammed Merah began his rampage in Toulouse on March 11, 2012, first executing a French-Moroccan paratrooper who nobly refused an order to lie down. He struck again on March 15, firing on three soldiers in Montauban — two were killed and another left paralysed. The murdered soldiers were all of North African Muslim descent. Then, on March 19, Merah pulled up outside the Ozar Hatorah Jewish school. In the schoolyard, he gunned down a Rabbi before executing the man’s three and five-year-old sons as they tried to crawl to safety. He then entered the school and grabbed an eight-year-old girl, at which point his gun jammed. Unperturbed, he swapped weapons and shot her. He filmed it all. After a manhunt and lengthy standoff, Merah was shot dead by police at his apartment.

Even considering the usual moral squalor of jihadist violence, Merah’s spree stands out for its depravity. Yet, for some reason, he is still widely revered. Nicole Yardeni, a deputy mayor in the city, tells me that his name is sometimes viewed positively even outside of jihadist circles, as “a symbol of rebellion” against society. After all, Merah is the man “who brought France to its knees”, as one local youth reminded the mother of his first victim. Even at the time of the police manhunt and siege, Facebook posts and pages honouring the gunman attracted thousands of likes, while police prevented people from laying flowers at his apartment. (It goes without saying that the overwhelming majority, Muslim and non-Muslim, were horrified.)

Within Salafi-jihadist circles, Merah’s cold-blooded rampage made him an icon. At the time of his attack a petty criminal, 28-year-old Mehdi Nemmouche, was killing time in a prison cell. Ordinarily, he would have refused to watch infidel television, but this time he asked his guards for a TV set so he could jubilantly follow the Merah manhunt live. Nemmouche would later head for Syria where he became a jailer for Islamic State. Chillingly, he told a captive that, like Merah, he “dreamed of grabbing a Jewish girl by the hair and shooting her dead”. Nemmouche would go on to deliberately target and murder Jews, killing four at Brussels’ Jewish Museum in 2014. It was Europe’s first attack by an Isis returnee.

Merah told police that he had conducted his attack on behalf of al-Qaeda, but that has not stopped their bitter Islamic State rivals from invoking his name. Journalist David Thomson interviewed several French members of Isis, each one praising Merah. Even official Isis propaganda has urged Francophone supporters to follow in Merah’s footsteps.

Laurence Bindner, who co-founded Jihadoscope to monitor jihadi online activity, tells me that Merah’s impact on the ground in his Cité des Izards housing estate “has been profound”. To Bindner, Merah’s place in jihadi lore is symbolic for a simple, gruesome reason: “He was the one who has no limits, the one who kills children.” But, she quickly adds, “this also put him beyond the pale even for some radical Islamists”. Merah was the first to cross a line.

Merah’s act divided Salafi-jihadists in France and beyond. But for the next few years, his supporters seemed to be winning the argument, and decisively so. The Merah generation wanted to transform Europe’s streets and plazas into the new theatres of jihad. In doing so, they helped unleash a campaign of extreme violence against European civilians with France — very deliberately — at the centre. Merah and his imitators shattered the illusion that France, by virtue of not participating in the Iraq invasion, would be spared the terror which had struck in Madrid and London in the years prior. Following in Merah’s footsteps, this generation had few qualms about the massacre of children, from Nice’s Promenade des Anglais to the foyer of Manchester Arena.

Perhaps the most damaging myth that Merah created was that of the loup solitaire — the lone wolf. It was deployed in Merah’s case to underline that he had acted alone and not received formal direction from al-Qaeda, but these were the old rules of counter-terrorism not yet updated for European jihad’s coming of age. Security services anticipated clandestine cells and bombings of high value targets and infrastructure; what they got was a bottom up wave of often intimate mass casualty violence, and trained extremists with EU passports dispatched across borders from a terror state on Europe’s doorstep. The lone wolf framing prevented the state and civil society from fully realising what was coming, and it obscured the extremist socialisation processes quietly taking place in certain locales around Western Europe.

Some of those affected locales were in Toulouse, where decades ago militants connected to Algeria’s Groupe Islamique Armé (GIA) helped to construct a key node of French jihadism — a milieu where Mohammed Merah belonged. A mentor to Merah was the Syrian “white emir” Olivier Corel, who established a cult-like Salafi-jihadist commune in the countryside. Other Merah associates included the notorious Clain brothers, whose activism helped to swell the ranks of Toulouse’s extremist circles from a few dozen to a few hundred. In the 2000s, this network dispatched extremists to fight against the Americans and the Shia with al-Qaeda in Iraq.

Merah was no black sheep: his extended family nurtured an intense hatred of French society and Jews. His own brother, nicknamed locally after Osama Bin Laden, is thought to have joined the jihad in Iraq. His sister Souad was active in militant Salafist networks. She was part of an independent school established to raise model Muslims as defined by Salafists and the Muslim Brotherhood — whose ideas had cross-pollinated in the densely populated housing estates. Souad, who declared she was “proud, proud, proud” of her brother for massacring Jews would, like so many of Merah’s associates, eventually join Isis. Meanwhile, Merah’s stepbrother was the only Frenchman formally accused of crimes against humanity for his role in the Yazidi genocide.

Merah’s killing spree also triggered a debate on the apparently unique susceptibility of petty criminals and gangsters to jihadism. And though it may well be true that the brutality was attractive to those already inured to violence and seeking status or redemption, this view fails to consider the bigger picture. In France, certain neighbourhoods once in the grip of gangs were slowly taken over by the muscular evangelising of Salafi activists and Islamists, a process facilitated by the isolation, urban density and absence of authority in the Cités. In some locales, the Salafi activists steered people away from crime towards militant religion, in others — like in Toulouse — they incorporated the drug trade into their activism and saw no contradiction between the two. Examining the housing blocks explicitly targeted by this aggressive proselytising programme, it is perhaps less surprising that many petty criminals eventually filled the ranks of Isis.

Merah’s impact on the jihadist movement and European counter-terrorism was profound, but so was his impact on Toulouse. I briefly moved to the city in the aftermath of the rampage, and the attack seemed to loom over its residents. It also weighed heavily on Toulouse’s Jewish community, as Yardeni, who headed a Jewish organisation before joining the mayor’s office, estimates that hundreds of families took the impossible decision to leave. Perhaps it was not just the cruelty of Mohammed Merah’s killing spree that made Toulouse’s Jews reconsider, but the knowledge that, to a small number of their neighbours, this act made him a hero.


Liam Duffy is a researcher, speaker and trainer in counter-terrorism based in London.

LiamSD12

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polidori redux
polidori redux
1 year ago

If you import alien culture, you will end up living in it. Why are so many people astounded by that, because it seems bluddy obvious to me?

CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago
Reply to  polidori redux

As the inhabitants of Royal Wootton Bassett, Wiltshire, will soon find out.

Ethniciodo Rodenydo
Ethniciodo Rodenydo
1 year ago
Reply to  polidori redux

Form 1954 to 1962 Algeria fought a war of independence against France.
Is it time for France to reciprocate?

CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago

Precisely, what on earth is the Foreign Legion for if not for combating Islam in all its forms.

Incidentally what ever happened to the fabled CRS?

CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago

Precisely, what on earth is the Foreign Legion for if not for combating Islam in all its forms.

Incidentally what ever happened to the fabled CRS?

Samir Iker
Samir Iker
1 year ago
Reply to  polidori redux

Because a lot of the academia, media, government, bureaucrats don’t have to live in it.

Jon Barrow
Jon Barrow
1 year ago
Reply to  polidori redux

Unfortunately many modern Westerners (especially Progressive types) subconsciously believe humans are essentially blank slates, that any number of immigrants from anywhere will magically ‘integrate’ and have adopted the orthodox, corporatist view that immigration is good for the economy, good because ‘diversity’ etc. They don’t even consider long-term consequences for social unity, trust and happiness; the ability to maintain a nation-state and democracy; and the obvious consequences for the long-term future of the native population.

CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago
Reply to  polidori redux

As the inhabitants of Royal Wootton Bassett, Wiltshire, will soon find out.

Ethniciodo Rodenydo
Ethniciodo Rodenydo
1 year ago
Reply to  polidori redux

Form 1954 to 1962 Algeria fought a war of independence against France.
Is it time for France to reciprocate?

Samir Iker
Samir Iker
1 year ago
Reply to  polidori redux

Because a lot of the academia, media, government, bureaucrats don’t have to live in it.

Jon Barrow
Jon Barrow
1 year ago
Reply to  polidori redux

Unfortunately many modern Westerners (especially Progressive types) subconsciously believe humans are essentially blank slates, that any number of immigrants from anywhere will magically ‘integrate’ and have adopted the orthodox, corporatist view that immigration is good for the economy, good because ‘diversity’ etc. They don’t even consider long-term consequences for social unity, trust and happiness; the ability to maintain a nation-state and democracy; and the obvious consequences for the long-term future of the native population.

polidori redux
polidori redux
1 year ago

If you import alien culture, you will end up living in it. Why are so many people astounded by that, because it seems bluddy obvious to me?

Chris Wheatley
Chris Wheatley
1 year ago

If all of our MPs had to live for a month in the North, without an expense account, without a chauffeur or minder, without contact with the South.. then they would understand. But they are sheltered, protected, mollycoddled nincompoops and they will never understand.
The same goes for the celebs, highly-paid footballers, newsreaders… They don’t understand because they keep away and if they do visit they have minders all around them. And they see what people want them to see.

Chris Wheatley
Chris Wheatley
1 year ago

If all of our MPs had to live for a month in the North, without an expense account, without a chauffeur or minder, without contact with the South.. then they would understand. But they are sheltered, protected, mollycoddled nincompoops and they will never understand.
The same goes for the celebs, highly-paid footballers, newsreaders… They don’t understand because they keep away and if they do visit they have minders all around them. And they see what people want them to see.

Ray Andrews
Ray Andrews
1 year ago

Dear Mr. Abu-Jihad:

HM government has noticed that you seem unhappy living in a liberal democracy and that you would seem to be a supporter of radical Islam. Your refugee status is hereby revoked. Please leave the UK within 60 days for the Islamic paradise of your choice. If you are still here after 60 days, we will chose one for you. If you complain that you are likely to be tortured if you are returned to your native country, we don’t give a shit.

Yours most sincerely:

Beau R. Crat
Dept. of Immigration.

Last edited 1 year ago by Ray Andrews
CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago
Reply to  Ray Andrews

Or perhaps: “Islam go home!”….”Write it out a hundred times before sunrise”. “If it’s not done I’ll cut your b*lls off!”

(* Apologies to John Cleese & Co.)

CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago
Reply to  Ray Andrews

Or perhaps: “Islam go home!”….”Write it out a hundred times before sunrise”. “If it’s not done I’ll cut your b*lls off!”

(* Apologies to John Cleese & Co.)

Ray Andrews
Ray Andrews
1 year ago

Dear Mr. Abu-Jihad:

HM government has noticed that you seem unhappy living in a liberal democracy and that you would seem to be a supporter of radical Islam. Your refugee status is hereby revoked. Please leave the UK within 60 days for the Islamic paradise of your choice. If you are still here after 60 days, we will chose one for you. If you complain that you are likely to be tortured if you are returned to your native country, we don’t give a shit.

Yours most sincerely:

Beau R. Crat
Dept. of Immigration.

Last edited 1 year ago by Ray Andrews
R S Foster
R S Foster
1 year ago

“…Muslim(s)…were horrified” NO! they weren’t – and they aren’t – and the sooner we stop kidding ourselves with such comforting nonsense, the sooner we can tackle the issue…

R S Foster
R S Foster
1 year ago

“…Muslim(s)…were horrified” NO! they weren’t – and they aren’t – and the sooner we stop kidding ourselves with such comforting nonsense, the sooner we can tackle the issue…

Gayle Rosenthal
Gayle Rosenthal
1 year ago

When I read an article about jihad, it makes me wonder how the Spanish got rid of the Arabs in the 1400’s. We often consider the Inquisition to be the expulsion of Jews, which it was. However the Muslims, euphemistically called Moors, were expelled too, and I can’t help but think this was a very bloody war. Perhaps the Spanish took them out before they were too numerous, but I am sure curious about this part of Spanish history. Granada is in the south, the location of the Alhambra, and the center of what was euphemistically called “the Convivenza”. They spread into northern Spain as well. They probably started with this Dhimi B-S and the Christians had the good sense to send them packing. Of course, as a Jew I have to wonder if the Spanish weren’t more fearful of the Muslims than of the Jews. And whether the Jews, being the historians of persecution that we are, took better notes than the Muslims. I’ll bet the Muslims, being either whipped cowards or vicious suicide killers, were easier to defeat. And being prideful, they didn’t take notes. But make no mistake …. Islam still lusts for hegemony in Europe. And Europe better get its act together soon or the numbers are going to be in Islam’s favor all too soon.
For some historical data see The Center for the Study of Political Islam. They have a Europe branch now. And I’ll say it again and again – Islam is a political ideology masquerading as a religion. Better to slap it down now than to wait until they are gaining political office. They will use democracy to hang the kafirs.

CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago

Israel has defeated countless Islamic attacks over the last seventy two years despite, being massively outnumbered.

‘We’ shall just have to relearn how to be tough, and emulate both contemporary Israel and Renaissance Spain.

It shouldn’t be too difficult if we have the ‘will’, although sadly I won’t be around to see it!

CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago

Israel has defeated countless Islamic attacks over the last seventy two years despite, being massively outnumbered.

‘We’ shall just have to relearn how to be tough, and emulate both contemporary Israel and Renaissance Spain.

It shouldn’t be too difficult if we have the ‘will’, although sadly I won’t be around to see it!

Gayle Rosenthal
Gayle Rosenthal
1 year ago

When I read an article about jihad, it makes me wonder how the Spanish got rid of the Arabs in the 1400’s. We often consider the Inquisition to be the expulsion of Jews, which it was. However the Muslims, euphemistically called Moors, were expelled too, and I can’t help but think this was a very bloody war. Perhaps the Spanish took them out before they were too numerous, but I am sure curious about this part of Spanish history. Granada is in the south, the location of the Alhambra, and the center of what was euphemistically called “the Convivenza”. They spread into northern Spain as well. They probably started with this Dhimi B-S and the Christians had the good sense to send them packing. Of course, as a Jew I have to wonder if the Spanish weren’t more fearful of the Muslims than of the Jews. And whether the Jews, being the historians of persecution that we are, took better notes than the Muslims. I’ll bet the Muslims, being either whipped cowards or vicious suicide killers, were easier to defeat. And being prideful, they didn’t take notes. But make no mistake …. Islam still lusts for hegemony in Europe. And Europe better get its act together soon or the numbers are going to be in Islam’s favor all too soon.
For some historical data see The Center for the Study of Political Islam. They have a Europe branch now. And I’ll say it again and again – Islam is a political ideology masquerading as a religion. Better to slap it down now than to wait until they are gaining political office. They will use democracy to hang the kafirs.

Peter Kettle
Peter Kettle
1 year ago

We tolerate extreme religious belief at the cost of our freedoms. Which Islamists do not tolerate or understand.

Peter Kettle
Peter Kettle
1 year ago

We tolerate extreme religious belief at the cost of our freedoms. Which Islamists do not tolerate or understand.

Andrew McDonald
Andrew McDonald
1 year ago

‘Execute’ is not the right term for violent murder, btw.

Andrew McDonald
Andrew McDonald
1 year ago

‘Execute’ is not the right term for violent murder, btw.

nigel roberts
nigel roberts
1 year ago

“Even considering the usual moral squalor of jihadist violence, Merah’s spree stands out for its depredation”

Depravity, surely, is le mot juste.

nigel roberts
nigel roberts
1 year ago

“Even considering the usual moral squalor of jihadist violence, Merah’s spree stands out for its depredation”

Depravity, surely, is le mot juste.

CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago

Hark, hark! the dogs do bark!
The Beggars are coming to town:
Some in jags, and some in rags,
And one in a velvet gown.

Linda Hutchinson
Linda Hutchinson
1 year ago

I remember as a child of five or six skipping along with other kids singing this rhyme. We didn’t know what it was about, and in particular we didn’t know what the jags were; luckily for us we had another local kid who was all of seven years old who was able to enlighten us by telling us that, obviously, the came in cars. We deferred to his greater seven year old wisdom.

CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago

The mystique of the E-type or perhaps even the legendary XK 150!

CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago

The mystique of the E-type or perhaps even the legendary XK 150!

Linda Hutchinson
Linda Hutchinson
1 year ago

I remember as a child of five or six skipping along with other kids singing this rhyme. We didn’t know what it was about, and in particular we didn’t know what the jags were; luckily for us we had another local kid who was all of seven years old who was able to enlighten us by telling us that, obviously, the came in cars. We deferred to his greater seven year old wisdom.

CHARLES STANHOPE
CHARLES STANHOPE
1 year ago

Hark, hark! the dogs do bark!
The Beggars are coming to town:
Some in jags, and some in rags,
And one in a velvet gown.

nigel roberts
nigel roberts
1 year ago

And it’s “loup solitaire” not “loupe”.

Is there an editor in the house????

George H
George H
1 year ago
Reply to  nigel roberts

Sherlock Holmes used a loupe solitaire.

George H
George H
1 year ago
Reply to  nigel roberts

Sherlock Holmes used a loupe solitaire.

nigel roberts
nigel roberts
1 year ago

And it’s “loup solitaire” not “loupe”.

Is there an editor in the house????

ben arnulfssen
ben arnulfssen
1 year ago

So… even the wilful blindness of the ideologically obsessed can no longer blot out the hideous truth.

God help us all.

ben arnulfssen
ben arnulfssen
1 year ago

So… even the wilful blindness of the ideologically obsessed can no longer blot out the hideous truth.

God help us all.

John Le Huquet
John Le Huquet
1 year ago

Followers of islam in Europe are not here to integrate, they are here to colonise.

John Le Huquet
John Le Huquet
1 year ago

Followers of islam in Europe are not here to integrate, they are here to colonise.

Clueless mgsm1uk
Clueless mgsm1uk
1 year ago

I was traveling into Montauban for daily medical treatment when this occurred and whilst the manhunt went on.It was terrifying.

Last edited 1 year ago by Clueless mgsm1uk
Clueless mgsm1uk
Clueless mgsm1uk
1 year ago

I was traveling into Montauban for daily medical treatment when this occurred and whilst the manhunt went on.It was terrifying.

Last edited 1 year ago by Clueless mgsm1uk