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America is tortured by demons Horror lurks beneath every kitchen table

'At the very peak of modernity, we are turning back to the Middle Ages.' Alexi Rosenfeld/Getty Images

'At the very peak of modernity, we are turning back to the Middle Ages.' Alexi Rosenfeld/Getty Images


November 5, 2024   6 mins

The United States is the land of conspiracy theories, not least when itā€™s busy electing a president. Such theories are a secular version of the idea of a malevolent God, for which the world is a sinister place but at least makes sense. In fact, for conspiracy buffs it makes far too much sense, as every bit of reality is covertly connected to every other bit. Are the Vatican and my pancreas really the separate entities they seem, or are they not part of the same secret plot? Maybe itā€™s better to believe that we are ruled by a vindictive deity rather than by nothing at all. Itā€™s comforting to know that everything that happens, including the bad stuff, is somehow meant, since the mind revolts against the random and accidental.

Itā€™s hard to accept, for example, that those who perished in the Holocaust did so in vain. It seems discourteous to the dead to suggest that their death had no point. But part of the horror of the event is that there was indeed no point to it, not even from the Nazisā€™ own viewpoint. You donā€™t need to massacre six million people in order to create a bugbear or scapegoat. Some of those who were killed had skills which the Nazis could have used in the war effort, just as they could have used the men and machinery tied up in running the concentration camps. What purpose the whole project served was metaphysical rather than practical. Annihilating Jews was an attempt to abolish the frightful form of non-being they stood for, which threatened the very foundations of the Third Reich. Even that, however, was as counterproductive as murdering Polish metal workers, since the Nazis were entranced by a dream of purity, and nothing could be purer than nothing.

Conspiracy theories are out to purge human life of chance and coincidence. They restore a sense of purpose to a civilisation which seems without design or direction. The claim that paedophilic Jewish reptiles from a distant galaxy are running the banking system may take some believing, but so does the claim that the large number of young black men killed or injured in police cells is purely coincidental. And there are, of course, plenty of real conspiracies. Not all of them are the product of collective paranoia. Some paranoiacs really are persecuted, just as some hypochondriacs genuinely are ill. Jean-Jacques Rousseau had the misfortune to be both. The dictionary defines a conspiracy as a secret plan to do something harmful or unlawful, in which case such groups are about as common as kindergartens. Why are they so widespread? Partly because itā€™s consoling to detect human agency behind a world of anonymous forces, and partly because itā€™s pleasant to find fellowship with other conspiracy buffs in a world short on solidarity. Itā€™s just that the latter aim might be better served by joining a Pilates class.

A lot of American conspiracy theories spring from the sheer vastness of the country. To impose some political coherence on this far-flung terrain is one reason why the word ā€œAmericaā€ is used in the States far more often than the word ā€œPortugalā€ is used in Portugal. ā€œSwedishā€ or ā€œHungarianā€ are purely descriptive terms, but ā€œAmericanā€ is a positive value-judgement as well as a national label. ā€œA very fine Americanā€ means an outstanding example of a valuable species. One doesnā€™t imagine that the Albanians spend much time asking God to bless their country, as Americans do, or that Belgians see themselves as specially favoured by the Almighty. Itā€™s true that a Peruvian army officer once exhorted his men to ā€œalways remember that you are Peruviansā€, but this is mildly comic because nobody has much idea of what being a Peruvian means, probably not even the Peruvians. It would be like being urged to be an authentic inhabitant of Maida Vale. There are hordes of people in Ireland who see the nation as blessed and its soil as sacred, but they are known as Irish-American tourists. America, however, has to keep on talking about America in order to forge some unity out of its plurality. It has even adopted that phrase as its national slogan. In many ways, this drive for unity has been stunningly successful, as the tone in which a waitress in South Bend, Indiana says ā€œHave a good dayā€ is an exact replica of the tone youā€™ll hear in Roscoe, South Dakota. There are those, however, who fear that this cultural uniformity is not exactly what the Founding Fathers meant by freedom.

Because the nation is so immense, Americans are particularly sensitive about their space being ā€œinvadedā€. They can occasionally be heard to murmur ā€œexcuse meā€ if they come within six feet of you, which is not true of the residents of Beijing. Large tracts of space help to breed individualism, and Americans are adept at keeping their spiritual as well as physical distance. Even some of the poorest dwellings in the country stand proudly in their own meagre patch of land, unlike the tightly stacked terraced houses of post-industrial Britain. All this is the opposite of the carnivalesque, a condition in which bodies are merged and mingled to the point at which itā€™s hard to know where one ends and another begins. The stereotypical American body, by contrast, is squeezed tightly into its own space, sealed against disease and conscious of its precise boundaries. Itā€™s surprising it isnā€™t wrapped in cellophane. Carnivalesque bodies, being devotees of Dionysus, are often drunk, a state in which their boundaries become messy and inexact, but Donald Trump is a teetotaller. Thereā€™s a relation between the fact that he uses othersā€™ bodies purely as instruments of his own power and desire and the fact that he is a germophobe. Mexicans can be repelled by walls and barbed wire, but germs are invaders of the body politic too tiny to be rounded up and deported. As wholly invisible immigrants they represent a Right-wing nightmare.

Conspiracy theories draw on the anxiety that things which should be distinct are actually commingled, and by no means for the good. This distinctness should be true of the nation itself, which is only diminished by being locked into trade agreements or international treatises. Yet we now live in a world in which, as the narrator of Orhan Pamukā€™s The White Castle remarks, seeing everything as connected with everything else is the addiction of our time. The modern philosopher whose vision reflects this most starkly is Hegel, which is why Freud once remarked that philosophy is the nearest thing there is to paranoia. There are no free-wheeling cogs in the machine of global capitalism. Nothing is allowed to exist purely for its own sake, which used to be the privilege of the work of art.

“Conspiracy theories restore a sense of purpose to a civilisation which seems without design or direction.”

Some years ago, if you smoked on the street in the United States, it was possible to have the cigarette knocked out of your hand by a concerned citizen, if not in Manhattan then perhaps in Wichita Falls. This wasnā€™t only because smoking can kill you, or because the States is a profoundly puritan nation somewhat given to self-righteous moralising. Itā€™s also because smoke represents a contaminating connection between one body and another, insidiously undermining their autonomy. The model of human contact becomes infection. Smoke eventually grows invisible, yet remains lethal and ubiquitous all the same. It is thus a perfect symbol of the menacing powers detected by conspiracy theorists, which determine our lives and confiscate our freedom but which, like the Almighty himself, are both everywhere and unlocatable. These forces are toxic, contagious, all-pervasive, without any identifiable source and well-nigh impossible to overcome. In all these ways, they resemble the theories which claim to expose them.

In this sense, conspiracy theories exemplify the forces they seek to hunt down. When a pandemic breaks out in this context, as it did in 2020, it isnā€™t the virus that the less enlightened sections of society regard as deadly, invisible, infectious and omnipotent, but the state which tries to protect them against it. At a time when bodies actually need to be insulated from each other for their own good, they cast off their protective masks in the name of liberty and demand to be allowed to breathe together ā€” another irony, since breathing together is the literal meaning of “conspiracy”.

The Nazis saw themselves as avant-gardists at the very cutting-edge of technological progress, but they were also deeply archaic. If they were modernisers spellbound by the future, they were also obsessed with myth, ritual, astrology and the occult. When reason is reduced to a bloodless, purely instrumental form of rationality, it leaves a space into which the irrational can flood. This paradox is now being repeated in Trumpā€™s America. The last word in technological wizardry co-exists with a belief in demonic powers. At the very peak of modernity, we are turning back to the Middle Ages ā€” to a world of diabolical forces and weird convergences where nothing is what it seems. There is less and less between the world of pure appearance of Hollywood on the one hand and the invisible machinations of the deep state on the other. Between the two, everyday reality is being squeezed to death. There is still suburban middle-class life, but scratch the surface and you will find monstrous predators and blood-lusting fiends. The place where humdrum reality and diabolical powers meet is known as paedophilia, or some other unspeakable crime. The United States is a Gothic movie in which horror lurks behind every icebox and beneath every kitchen table. The trouble is that the Saviour whose mission is to send this nightmare packing is the most lurid manifestation of it of all.


Terry EagletonĀ is a critic, literary theorist, and UnHerd columnist.


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Hugh Bryant
Hugh Bryant
20 hours ago

I always enjoy reading lengthy articles about the US written by people who’ve barely spent any time there. They are invariably informed more by the peculiar snobbery of the provincial British intellectual than by any genuine knowledge or understanding.

Victor James
Victor James
19 hours ago
Reply to  Hugh Bryant

Case in point:
There is still suburban middle-class life, but scratch the surface and you will find monstrous predators and blood-lusting fiends.”
Scratch the surface of these leftists you’ll find a swivelled eyed conspiracy theorist who literally thinks white people who live in nice houses are brain eating nazis. It’s an eternal fever dream. The lizard nazi of suburbia is everywhere and omnipotent.

0 0
0 0
9 hours ago
Reply to  Victor James

Aimlessly and pointlessly abusive.

Ethniciodo Rodenydo
Ethniciodo Rodenydo
17 hours ago
Reply to  Hugh Bryant

Yes and however cursed the US at least they do not have to suffer Mr Eagleton

Last edited 17 hours ago by Ethniciodo Rodenydo
Nathan Sapio
Nathan Sapio
4 hours ago
Reply to  Hugh Bryant

Thanks for reading the article so I didn’t have to

Nik Jewell
Nik Jewell
23 hours ago

“These forces are toxic, contagious, all-pervasive, without any identifiable source and well-nigh impossible to overcome.”
The identifiable source is billionaires who intend to own and control all the resources on the planet and are now very close to achieving their goals. The plans are well laid out and documented, and they can be found on the UN, WHO, and WEF websites. They are not hidden or concealed. If people only spent a few hours reading these websites and the documents on them, they would find clear explanations of everything happening around them. They will also note that they have never been offered a vote on any of this.

Matthew Jones
Matthew Jones
20 hours ago

I think I got up to the bit about young black men being injured in police cells before I gave up. A tough old read if you are intolerant to utter tosh.

Nathan Sapio
Nathan Sapio
4 hours ago
Reply to  Matthew Jones

Exactly the same here. Terry, read Roland Fryer and get up to speed.

Brett H
Brett H
1 day ago

it isnā€™t the virus that the less enlightened sections of society regard as deadly, invisible, infectious and omnipotent, but the state which tries to protect them against it. 
Sometimes there actually is a conspiracy. Just because some theories are outlandish doesnā€™t mean there is no conspiracy and government covid actions were a conspiracy. The demonising of conspiracy, itā€™s craziness, is a way of shutting down the people and weā€™ve seen it in action.

Evan Heneghan
Evan Heneghan
19 hours ago

Terry Eagleton, truly one of the most over-educated, under-brained individuals Iā€™ve had the misfortune to read.

Citizen Diversity
Citizen Diversity
23 hours ago

In the 1960s American students enthusiastically embraced Tolkien. But not for his Catholicism. Whether Tolkienā€™s literary creation was experienced by these young people as a frisson of what it was to be United States American haunted by their Anglo colonial roots, if anyone needed a consoling fantasy enshrined in their heart, the Shire wouldnā€™t be a bad one at all. 
The Shire isnā€™t a militaristic power. It has no empire and doesnā€™t seek one. It is overlooked by the rest of the world and therefore cannot have a migration crisis of tens of thousands of refugees from war-torn Rohan. It has no pretentions to be a ā€˜Global Shireā€™. And last but not least, the Shire has no ā€˜special relationshipā€™ with the witch realm of Angmar. 
However, there are some differences between the Shire folk and the English. The Shire people are not seafarers. They have had no industrial revolution. Even if the Shire had a coastline, without having an industrial revolution as well, they could never have the English seaside holiday. That would be a considerable loss. 
One enviable feature of the Shire is its history. No event in it is such that it can disturb the mind and lead to history becoming pathological. There are no statues of long-forgotten notables from the 17th century of the Third Age of the Sun that need dumping in the Bandywine River. There are no peoples of Far Harad demanding recompense for the ill-use of their ancestors and no Mayor of Hobbiton who would be docile and enervated enough to find ā€˜creativeā€™ ways of indulging them if there were. 
There are no Shire historians looking at the past and trying to mine a grievance from the fact that a long-forgotten king of men granted to their ancestors as a place of settlement an unwanted province devasted by war rather than one better furnished. 
Whether England should be like it or not, the Shire is the subject of the benignant interest and guardianship of one of the eternal entities who form the overarching supernatural structure to what is – despite the creation of all in the thought of the One using the Flame Imperishable – an otherwise godless universe.  
As elsewhere in the world, and unlike England, the Shire has no places of worship. Though close to the soil, the Shire folk are not even animist, as are the Elves. So untroubled are they by religion, nothing reaches the Shire people of any of the greatest spirits; not even of ManwĆ« who is the breath of all people. 
But congratulations to Mr Eagleton for describing a non-conspiratorial world as if it were a conspiracy. Does wearing the world like a hair shirt calm the soul? 

Caroline Galwey
Caroline Galwey
17 hours ago

Professor Eagleton’s complaint seems to be that people in America think that unreal things are real. But then he started stating all sorts of unreal, imaginary, metaphorical, unprovable things as if they were simple facts, himself.
Very like his compatriot Fintan O’Toole … people won’t behave in ways I consider nice, so I will create an inverted pyramid of piffle to explain why.
By the end I’d lost him completely. One for Pseuds’ Corner.

blue 0
blue 0
20 hours ago

What a long winded, smug way of stating US citizens who don’t agree with you are some lunatic fringe, Mr, Eagleton maybe you cannot hear the difference between an upper Midwest accent and an Upper Plains accent doesn’t mean it’s not there. And more striking try the Appalachian accent vs the NYC accent.

Last edited 19 hours ago by blue 0
UnHerd Reader
UnHerd Reader
16 hours ago

Some good insights here, but quite a bit of nonsense, too. America is not Puritan. Progressivism is. It is the last, most desiccated form of Puritan religion, shorn of Jesus but with all the moral hauteur and intolerance intact. People like that will slap the cig out of your mouth. Or elect Kamala Harris.

0 0
0 0
9 hours ago
Reply to  UnHerd Reader

That’s good, really good, apart from the point where you try to touch down at the end.

Victor James
Victor James
20 hours ago

Conspiracy Theory” = Smear thrown at ‘outsiders’ to undermine public scrutiny.

Wilfred Davis
Wilfred Davis
20 hours ago

‘The United States is the land of conspiracy theories …’

No need to read further than the opening words, really.

The article talks of the human unwillingness to accept the randomness of life; of humans’ belief in external, especially divine, influence on events; of the presence of malign forces; of fear of contamination from the other.

All interesting topics, worthy of thoughtful analysis and understanding.

And you will find those hopes and fears in all cultures, all over the world, forever.

But it’s the United States, see. The United States. The United States. They’re demons, I tells ya.

0 0
0 0
9 hours ago
Reply to  Wilfred Davis

It’s not that they’re demons. They’re assorted. It’s not even that American institutions are fundamentally demonic, if you leave aside the presumption of settler colonialism. The demonic qualities of American regimes and it’s presence in the world are a happenstance of internal and external interplay. A lot of evil has been installed there by British ruling orders.

Alex Lekas
Alex Lekas
14 hours ago

If Americans have learned anything over the past several years, it’s that so-called conspiracy theories have this way of becoming verifiable facts in relatively short order.

Bret Larson
Bret Larson
1 day ago

You may not believe in conspiracies, but conspiracies believe in you.

Caradog Wiliams
Caradog Wiliams
20 hours ago

I would imagine that people in government think in terms of ā€˜usā€™ and ā€˜themā€™. Only we understand the truth but we have to explain it to them, the plebs. So, in a way, a conspiracy is necessary to sell an idea, as well as to refute the same idea. Almost nothing that you read can be separated from a conspiracy. An author on UnHerd is conspiring with the UnHerd management to make an article which appeals to the members.
The wackier conspiracies are started by people who want to draw attention to themselves, who want to be interesting.

Bret Larson
Bret Larson
12 hours ago

Or in the ā€œknowā€.

George Locke
George Locke
19 hours ago

Conspiracy theories are out to purge human life of chance and coincidence. The claim that paedophilic Jewish reptiles from a distant galaxy are running the banking system may take some believing, but so does the claim that the large number of young black men killed or injured in police cells is purely coincidental. 

Terry has never written an article in which he doesn’t contradict himself, but the fact that he managed to contradict himself in the same paragraph is a new low.

Robert
Robert
16 hours ago

Huh? WTF was this about?
This bit is particularly irritating, though:
In this sense, conspiracy theories exemplify the forces they seek to hunt down. When a pandemic breaks out in this context, as it did in 2020, it isnā€™t the virus that the less enlightened sections of society regard as deadly, invisible, infectious and omnipotent, but the state which tries to protect them against it. At a time when bodies actually need to be insulated from each other for their own good, they cast off their protective masks in the name of liberty and demand to be allowed to breathe together ā€” another irony, since breathing together is the literal meaning of ā€œconspiracyā€.
As ā€œA very fine Americanā€ I’m tempted to say FU and leave it at that. But, protect us? The state created the crisis and there were people (conspiracy theorists, Mr Eagleton?) who, as early as May of 2020, were discussing furin cleavage sites, a Wuhan lab and the complicity of certain government officials in playing hide the weenie with government funding. I know because I found there conversations interesting.
What the heck – FU, Terry.

AC Harper
AC Harper
18 hours ago

You could argue that Americans are modern day Cathars, believers in two Gods. Wikipedia:

According to tradition, Cathars believed that the good God was the God of the New Testament faith and creator of the spiritual realm. Many Cathars identified the evil god as Satan, the master of the physical world.

Unfortunately the traditional Gnostic certainty that the Republics spoke for the rich and the Democrats spoke for the working man has shrivelled as the Parties now turn into their inverse. No wonder American politics seems to be a conspiracy theory…

Bret Larson
Bret Larson
12 hours ago
Reply to  AC Harper

It makes sense though. The 1% need votes to oppress the silent majority.

So they buy the votes and pluck those they can.

Philip Gerrans
Philip Gerrans
15 hours ago

Please God no more Eagleton. How does he get published here? He is the and English Zizek in every sense. Moderately intelligent windbag whose mind is marinated in a toxic stew of Marxist historiography and lit crit word salad. Also Like Zisek a nostalgic boomer conservative masquerading as a trenchant social critic. never a fact or a number just one pretentious ridiculous sweeping statement after another. unreadable and embarrassing.

Citizen Diversity
Citizen Diversity
22 hours ago

Visit the Rockefeller Centre in New York during the week before Christmas and you couldn’t find people more ‘stacked together’ than those around the Christmas tree.

Mona Malnorowski
Mona Malnorowski
16 hours ago

There’s some very vague logic in here, and of course Mr. Eagleton finds the time to draw an analogy or two between what the Third Reich were doing and what Trump is currently attempting – well done! – but the conspiracy theory idea is a flimsy one.
As I often tell people, at least before they change the subject and remember pressing engagements elsewhere, the reason lots of people believe in conspiracy theories is that they cannot take the actions of politicians on face value. When political parties put policies in place which look to the average person like a really bad idea, and from which everyone can predict a lousy outcome, and which inevitably DO have a lousy outcome, people refuse to believe they don’t have some kind of hidden agenda – otherwise why would they do things so obviously counterproductive? Surely not for the good of the people, like they’re supposed to be. What are they hiding? What are their REAL intentions? Seems pretty obvious to me.

Santiago Saefjord
Santiago Saefjord
15 hours ago

The thing is Terry your philosophy points are spot on but your against-conspiracy theory is a little, well, conspiratorial.

You missed the part where Kamala Harris was plonked on the podium after an aging buffoon puppet was ‘elected’ into office.

How’s that for a conspiracy?

Andrew R
Andrew R
19 hours ago

There’s a paradox at play here, if you create an ideology then you will find like minded people to pursue it but who can you trust. At some point, knowledge of said ideology will leak out. Will those who believe in the ideology, admit their part in it or dismiss it or perhaps more likely engage in machiavellian behaviours: sophistry, obfuscation etc. That is when the conspiracy theories come in to play followed by an endless cycle of denial, social media only amplifies this sense of paranoia.

Spencer Dugdale
Spencer Dugdale
15 hours ago

His final paragrpah must be a homage to Kamala Harris for being a word salad as meaningless as hers.

Jerry Carroll
Jerry Carroll
13 hours ago

There has been such a sharp decline in the quality of UnHerd since the management change that I am withdrawing my support. I’ll look in a few months from now to to see if I detect improvement, but I’m not optimistic. Cheery-bye-bye!

0 0
0 0
9 hours ago

Powerful insight here denied to Americans themselves who are wandering lost in their troubled landscape.

0 0
0 0
7 hours ago

So why engage TE, apart from the pure pleasure of reading him, irrespective? Maybe to puff up a notion that Unheard is lire than merely alt right? Or dialectical thinking that it’s good to wind up the usual addicts from time to time. By offering something unheard normally in their bailiwicks. And confident their amour propre can only be burnished thereby.

j watson
j watson
21 hours ago

Conspiracy and Narcissists go together. I’m so unique and insightful only I and few like me can see and explain this etc etc. It’s makes me special. Groan.
Many things are complex and not straightforward. They warrant an inquisitive mind that can absorb nuance and intricacy. Conspiracies can thus also appeal to the lazy.
And then of course there are the manipulators. They drip-feed the narcissists and the lazy.

Caradog Wiliams
Caradog Wiliams
21 hours ago
Reply to  j watson

Donā€™t forget that conspiracies can also be fun. Imagine that you live a life talking to your friends on the phone: everyone knows that politics are boring, boring ā€¦ but conspiracies can be exciting. How many conversations start with, ā€œThey say thatā€¦.ā€?

Hugh Bryant
Hugh Bryant
20 hours ago
Reply to  j watson

In a sense though, conspiracy theorists are usually right. What they miss is that the conspirators are not usually acting consciously but out of class interest. The mantra ‘government should be left to the experts (ie: people like me)’ so beloved of the Blairites is a good example. Another is the fondness for open borders of the asset owning class which is so enriched by them and which they explain with appeals to phoney altruism.